rulideas2012b: March 2012

EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY 1600 - 2011

1 A.D.
Some of the various future Christian sects and cults began counting time from this date having erroneously assumed it is the birth date of Jesus the Christ alias Joshua the Messiah (6 B.C.- 33 A.D.). It is also noteworthy to remind ourselves that during this period of the Dead Sea Scrolls it is considered normal to rewrite biblical stories by expanding, combining or revising them with new or different details in accordance with the scribes understanding and beliefs. As an example the current book of Jeremiah contains 52 chapters whereas the book Jeremiah of the Essenes only contains 17 chapters. The Book of Esther is completely excluded from the Essenes Sect writings. It is also noteworthy that 127 of the Dead Sea Scrolls apply to generally accepted Biblical text and that the actual writing of the Bible spans more than 1,000 years. At this time the common language of the various Judaism sects in Palestine is Arabic and their writings is Syro-Chaldaic but most people also understand the Greek language. Hebrew is very rare almost extinct at this time. Many historians discount the writings of this period based on their personal set of beliefs and values. The Essenes reference to the "teacher of Righteousness" is speculated to be Jesus, John the Baptist, the Apostles John or James or maybe one of the Maccabean Kings of Judia.
Jerusalem, Damascus and the Sinai are presently under the control of the Nabatean Empire (Saudi Arabia) who had their capital at Petra just south of Jerusalem.
Flavious Josephus alias Joseph Ben Matthias (37-100 A.D.) the Jewish historian records that the Essene Judaism sect study the writings of the ancients and choose out of them what is most for the advantage of their soul and body. The Essene Judaism scribes wrote in Aramaic, Greek and Hebrew. Hebrew is often used for writings attributed to the Mythical Moses and Aramaic is considered the language of the Angels and is often used to record Testaments, Incantations and the like. The Essene Judaism sect is a Messianic Sect and some suggest they retreated into the wilderness (Qumran) to make straight the Way in the Wilderness for God. They expected to be visited by the Heavenly Host (spirits) for the War against all evil on this earth. Other accounts suggest that every city and town contains large numbers of the Essene Judaism Sect. Philo recorded the Essenes avoided all cities on account of the habitual lawlessness of those who inhabit them. The Essenes have nothing to do with war, commerce, or slavery that last evil being against "the ordinances of nature". Philo is not entirely correct as the Essenes Judaism sect include some Zealots who readily engage in war. There are also some that live in cities and engage in commerce. Both Philo and Josephus agree there are some 4,000 followers of the Essene way.
The Polynesian had explored and settled one half the inhabitable Islands of the Pacific Ocean. They carried their agriculture and animals as the expanded throughout the Pacific.
Settlers began arriving to Madagascar from Polynesia
A Caucasian race called the Ainu occupied Japan. Some believe they are the original people of China.
The Germanic tribes are moving into Norway from the mainland to become the Viking, Norsemen or Varangian people. A people from the Urals and the Baltic migrated to Finland displacing most of the Lapp people.
A significant discovery of bone fragments in 2001 dating to this period are likely Essene but they caused an archaeological religious battle. The bones were reburied because Rabbinical authority in Israeli forbids the digging up of Jewish graves as the findings might contradict conventional religious beliefs.
Kazakhstan, N.W. of China, a formers Soviet Republic before gaining independence is a rich source of the name 'Shu', in namilng of cities towns, rivers and districts. It is a mix of Turkic and Mongol Nomadic tribes. This 'Shu' is represented by a one character name and not a two character name Tian Shan or Central mountains of Kazakhstan near the Chinese border is believed to be the birth place of the apple (the Malus sieversii family of apples)
The Greece recorded the making of Lasagna noodles, not boiled but roasted on hot stones or ovens. True pasta noodles are made from wheat dough dried, preferably from durum wheat.
China developed the stern mounted rudder that had two advantages, more positive steering with their flat bottom boats and they could be lifted in shallow water. At this time during the Han Dynasty the Chinese invented the junk ship. This ship design was so effective it is still used in modern times.
Some time between 27 B.C. and 68 A.D. 75 skeletons were excavated in Southern Italy at Vagnari, Italy. One skeleton a male had the DNA of an East Asian. The Roman Empire was believed to have no knowledge of the Far East at this time. Grave goods from this individual's grave gave no indication he was of foreign birth. Vagnari was believed to be an industrial site for tile-making and iron working, with artisans and enslaved workers producing material for Rome's expanding empire. This creates a host of issues related to globalization, human migration, and identity, in the ancient world.
A DNA analysis of hairs on a burial shroud dated to 1AD to 50 AD in Jerusalem suggests the man had leprosy. It also suggests the Shroud of Turin is likely a fake. The shroud is made of simple-woven linen and wool, while the shroud of Turin is a complex twill weave, a fabric not believed to be made until the Middle Ages.
The climate of the Sahara returns mainly to desert, rather similar to modern conditions.
In northern Saudi Arabia Qasr al-Farid rises four stories an uncompleted tomb not far from the ancient city of Hegra.   The Nabataeans built 93 similar tombs. It is believed these were built some time during this century. These nomad Arabic speaking peoples are believed to have settled down some time in the first or second century B.C.   They developed the Arabic script likely to facilitate trade. The capital city of Petra of the Nabataean Kingdom was built about 60 B.C. The Romans conquered the Kingdom in 107 A.D. The Lihyanites predated the Nabataean during the 6th to 4th century B.C.
2 AD
China conducted a population survey this year counting 57,671,400 people.
5 AD
The first recorded dry pasta made from wheat was itriyah in Arabic, meaning dried noodle and likely originated in Palermo, Sicily.
6 AD
The Chinese emperor Pingdi (1 B.C.-6 A.D) dies suddenly, February 3 at age 14, and his regent Wang Mang, 50, selects the youngest of more than 50 eligible heirs to the throne: the boy was born only last year, but Wang becomes acting emperor (9-23) in his own right (his enemies say that he poisoned Pingdi)
(8)-Jesus son of Sic the High Priest of Jerusalem is replaced by (9)-Annas (Anni) or Ananus I (6-15) son of Seth who is appointed by Quirinus as the High Priest of Jerusalem of the Sadducee Judaism Sect. (8)-Ananus I (6-15) is the father-in-law of (13)-Joseph Caiapus high priest (16-36). (8)-Ananus I (6-15) is also the father of five other high priests, (11)-Eleazar, (14)-Jonathan (37-?), Theophilus, (17)-Matthias and (24)-Ananus II the Younger. Theophilus is not listed as High Priest. He is also the grandfather of (17)-Matthas, high priest in 65 AD.
Roman Emperor Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) conducted a joint Judaism and Samaritan hearing. The Samaritans accused Archelaus (4 B.C - 6 A.D.) Tetrarch of Judaea and Sumeria, the son of King Herod (40-4 B.C.) of cruelty toward the people. Both groups who seldom joined forces demanded the abolition of the monarchy. It is noteworthy that the Zealot sect of Galilee is extremely nationalistic in their beliefs. Caesar Augustus as a result banished Archelaus (4 B.C. - 6 A.D.) the son of Herod (40-4 B.C.) to Vienna, a city in Gaul (France) and his property is transferred to Caesar's treasury. The Essene Judaism sect member Simon had predicted Archelaus fall from power. The Essene is known to be schooled as scribes, seers and prophets. Coponius (6-9) is appointed Roman Prefect of Judaea in Palaestina that is now added to the Province of Syria. Cyrenius a Roman senator is appointed judge of Syria. Judaea effectively became a part of a Roman Province rather than a territory of Syria. During his reign a Galilean named Judas of Gama a Sophist (Zealot teacher, rabbi, or philosophic teacher) incited a revolt against the Roman census being conducted by Quirinius Governor of Syria. Sadduc a Pharisee Judaism sect member joined the Judas Zealot movement. Judas and Zaddok (scholar of the school of Shammai) of the Pharisee Judaism sect inflamed the anger of the people against Rome. Joezer the high priest, son of Boethus calmed the popular feelings and prevented revolution during the Coponius reign. At this time the Pharisees Judaism sect do not take away the freedom from men of acting as they see fit but this will shortly change. The Sadducees Judaism sect at this time is not liked by the multitude. The Essenes Judaism sect is excluded from the common court of the temple, are addicted to virtue and righteousness. These Essenes sect share everything in common. The Judaism Zealot Sects or followers of Judas the Galilean have an inviolable attachment to Judaism liberty and they say that God is to be their only Ruler and Lord. The Zealots do not fear death.
See the Gospel according to Luke 2, 1-7 making reference to Joseph of Nazareth in Galilee traveling to Judaea to Bethlehem with Mary his wife. Jesus would be about 11-12 years old at this time. It is noteworthy that Nazareth, Galilee had only two or three clans living in some thirty-five houses spread over an area of two hectares. Joshua the Messiah alias Jesus of Nazareth (6 B.C.-26 to 36) with his family visited Jerusalem, in Judaea of Palestine to celebrate the Jewish Passover. Most future Christian Sects failed to appreciate that Jesus of Nazareth (6 B.C.-26 to 36) is a practicing Messianic Essene Judaism, is named Joshua, spoke Aramaic and remained faithful to the various Jewish tradition during his lifetime. Hebrew at this time is a dead language only used by the scribes for the writings attributed to Moses and most Palestinian's speak and write Aramaic. Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) the Jewish historian writes in Aramaic that he later translated into Greek. The Dead Sea Scrolls however contain both Greek and Hebrew and date from 200 B.C. to 70 A.D. suggesting the Messianic Essene Judaism scribes still had a working knowledge of Hebrew at this time. It is noteworthy that Hebrew is a mixture of Sumerian (Semite), Akkadian and the Canaanite languages. The business language, at this time, in Palestine is Italian, Greek, Arabic and Aramaic.
Josephus the historian assigns Judas of Gama (Galilee) a Sophist and Zaddok the Pharisee as being the real founders of the Zealot sect. The Zealot sect inaugurated the eschatological reign of the Kingdom of Heaven for God's elected people here and now. The Zealots aligned with most of the philosophies of the Pharisees but they are messianic and a revolutionary movement. The Jerusalem Zealots wanted to democratize the high priesthood and are not interested in the messianic expectations. The Galilean Zealots however wanted real far-reaching social change. It is noteworthy that this is the first year that the existence of the Zealots is recorded by Josephus (37-100 A.D.) the Jewish historian.
The Essene Judaism sects of the New Messianic Covenant believed that with the aid of the Holy Spirit one can attain the knowledge of Divine Secrets some being contained in their Book of Enoch. There appears to be two different Essene Judaism sects, one who practice celibacy and who disdain women as being wanton and consider marriage to becoming a slave instead of free. The other Essene Judaism sect practice marriage to propagate the race. They marry not for pleasure but for children, they only marry women who are already menstruating and do not have intercourse during pregnancy. This is likely the origin of the Roman Church law of women being unclean. The celibates share everything in common while the married ones share many things in common but pay tithe, the salary of two days each month. Common meals, be they regular or special, are indications of that life. The Essene Judaism had ordinary meals that were preceded by prayer but they had a special eschatological meal that the Messiah blessed the food and drink (usually bread and wine). In the final days they believed the end-time meal would be with the Messiahs present. The Essene believed two Messiahs but one coming, a priestly one and a lay one in that authoritative order. Much of the Essene theology is adopted into the Roman Church.
7 AD
Emperor Ruzi ruled Western China (7-9 )
If the Gospel according to Luke is believed then Joshua the Messiah alias Jesus of Nazareth (6 B.C.-26 to 36) at age 12 taught in the temple of Jerusalem for three days. The Sadducee Judaism Sect controlled the temple and they believed when the body dies, the soul also dies. They also believe there is no such thing as fate. The Essene Messianic Sect believes in the immortality of the soul and that fate governs all things. The Sadducee say there is neither resurrection, nor angel nor spirit but the Pharisees accept all three. The Essene is not allowed in the temple so their belief is not relevant at this time. The Pharisee Sect holds a middle position between the two extremes. The Judaism Pharisee believes that it is not lawful to set down directly (write) the word of God therefore the Messianic Essenes is not generally accepted in the temple.
At this time the Judaea tradition is split into four major Sects, the Messianic Essene, the Pharisee, the Sadducee and the Galilean alias Sicarii (Zealot). Many other minor Judaism sects or sub sects are also evident. The Zealots are also sub-divided into unrelated sects some times referred to as bandits or False Prophets. The Masada Zealots as an example are barbarous and considered the most violent.
The Galilean Judaism Sect at this time preached a nationalistic antagonism to foreigners and mixed blood peoples especially the Arabs.   These Galilean are a militant sect with roots that go back to the Maccabean period of the second and first century B.C. The Galilean is also called the Fourth Philosophy during the uprising of 4 B.C. to 7 A.D.   They are against what they consider the Herodian Sadducee Sect and split this sect into the Opposition Sadducee. Sadduk is the leader of the (Zealot) Opposition Sect. Some contend Judas the Galilean noted in the Biblical Acts is the founder of the Zealot movement. The Zealot movement likely dates to the Herod period (40-4 B.C.) It could be argued that fanaticism (Zealots) is a cultural trait of the Hebrew originating in ancient times. The Messianic Essene Sect considered the House of Levi as being righteous and inheritors of the priesthood and issued warnings of violent foreigners (Harridan) taking their heritage. The priesthood is considered the Council of the Community, the Inner Sanctum or Holy of Holiest.   This challenge effectively set the stage for a Nationalistic (Zealots) and Liberal (Herodian) split among the Judaism Religious Community and the later Messianic Sect split. Some suggest the messianic schism began about 4 A.D.
8
During the reign of Coponius (6-9), the Samaritans are excluded from the temple because they threw about dead men's bodies in the cloisters.
9
Emperor Wang Mang ruled Western China (9-23) China's acting emperor Wang Mang ascends the throne himself January 10 and proclaims the Xin (Hsin) dynasty. He has easily subdued his opponents and prepared the way for his usurpation by spreading stories to the effect that the Han dynasty ruled for the time that was intended for it and that Heaven has granted him the mandate for a new dynasty.
Three Roman legions are annihilated by the German Arminius in the battle of Teutoberg Forest. Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) called off the offensive against the Marcomanni people north of Italy and the Rhine and Danube Rivers marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Europe. The Belgae people who had previously driven from France by the Romans are still free in England. Other un-conquered people in relationship to the Marcomanni people are to the east the Quadi, northwest the Slavs, north the Burgundians and the Sennones and to the west the Hermanduri peoples. The Finns occupied most of northern Russia, Finland, Sweden and Denmark. The Balts are north of the Slavs and the Teutons occupy southern Denmark and Sweden and northern Germany.
Marcus Ambivious (9-12) is appointed Prefect of Judaea and Sumeris.
10
Saul (Saulus) of Tarsus (10-67) also called Paul, is born a Roman citizen at Tarsus (Turkey) in the Roman Province of Cilicia. Paul would later claim to be of the tribe of Benjamin therefore a Semite. He also has a Greek cultural tradition having been raised at Tarsus. Saul of Tarsus is also educated in Jerusalem in the rigid religious doctrine of the Pharisees Judaism Sect. Some suggest Saul is born about 5 A.D. It is noteworthy that Tarsus has been occupied for some two thousand years when Saul is born. Others suggest that Saul is a convert to the Judaism tradition. Paul alias Saulus some say played a key role in the events leading up to the destruction of Jerusalem. His brother is Costobarus and is associated with Antipas a Herodian Temple Treasurer in the 40's. James (first Papa of Jerusalem) the Just is attacked and injured in the 40's by Paul but escaped with his followers to Jericho. This is likely confusion with James the son of Zebedee who was attacked in the early 40's. Others suggest that Paul had much less theological or historical importance in the first century and only became important in the sixteenth century. It is noteworthy the Paul will create the Roman Christian Cult (Paulist Cult) and does not follow the Christian Judaism Sect beliefs. Joseaphus the historian who died about 100 A.D. mentions the Jesus Jews, the Jesus Greeks but makes no mention of the Paulist Christians. Josephus spent time in Rome writing his history so surely he would make mention.
12
Annius Rufus (12-15) is appointed Prefect of Judaea.
14
Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) reduced the number of Roman legions from 70 to 27-28 (300,000 men) by the time of his death this year. Tiberious Claudius Nero (14-37) son Julia is Caesar of the Roman Empire. He is said to have a rigid morality and his reign is plagued with internal revolts.
Herod Antipas I (4 B.C. - 39), son Herod the Great and the Samaritan Malthace, Antipas being the tetrarch of Galilee and Peresa, resided in his city of Sepphoris, that he restored after the devastation of the rebellion at the death of his father Herod the Great. After the death of Augustus this year during the reign of Tiberius the Emperor, Herod began to build a new capital on the Western shore of the Sea of Galilee that he called Tiberias. These cities only twenty miles apart would put serious economic strain on Lower Galilee agriculture.
15
Valerius Gratus (15-26) is appointed Prefect of Judaea. Ismael son Fabus is the High Priest of Jerusalem.
16
(11)-Eleazar (16-17) of the House of Annas of the Sadducee Sect is appointed the High Priest of Jerusalem. Nationalistic (Zealot) Hebrews at this time consider the House of Annas (Anas) as being in League with the Romans.
17
Germanicus son Emperor Tiberius (b-42 B.C.) brother Drusus is sent by Rome to install a King in Armenia and toured Syria to Egypt (17-19) conducting himself in a high-handed manner. He is believed poisoned by the legate Piso of Syria. Pisco suicides shortly after being accused of the murder. Simon son Camithus is the High Priest of Jerusalem.
18
(13)-Joseph Caiaphas (18-36) son in law of High Priest (9)-Annas (Anas) or Ananus I (6-15) of the Sadducee Judaism Sect is appointed High Priest of Jerusalem. The later Gnostic Christian Cult (Religion of knowledge or insight) attributes the first Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ to Joseph Caiaphas (18-36) the High Priest of Jerusalem. This alleged Gospel has an Egyptian spin in its story and attributes many miracles to Lady Saint Mary and her infant son Jesus. This Gospel is obviously based on other sources to hang a litany of fabricated miracles attributed to Lady Saint Mary mother of Jesus. Caiaphas could not write it. It is noteworthy that the Gnostic Christian Judaism Cults followed the migration of the other Christian Judaism sects into Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Asia Minor.
Herod Antipas I (4 B.C. - 39), son Herod the Great and the Samaritan Malthace, Antipas being the tetrarch of Galilee and Peresa completed his capital city of Tiberias, Galilee. The peasants considered the new settlers a promiscuous rabble. Herod built them houses and new gifts of land likely at the expense of the local people.
20
Rome conquered the Armenia Empire and saw that the Parthian Empire (Iraq & Iran) had no power to sustain an offensive but Rome chose to consolidate power rather than invade.
22
'The Lost Years of Jesus' (about 6 B.C.- 24 A.D.) are shrouded in mystery leading to five hypothesis.
    1. Jesus is the Wandering Prophet of Persia and India called Essa (Essene).
    2. Jesus visited England with his rich Great Uncle Joseph of Arimathaea.
    3. Jesus is the Teacher of Rightness among the Essene.
    4. Jesus is a member of the Zealot movement possibly among the Essene.
    5. Jesus spent a quiet existence at Nazareth in Judia.
1. The Wandering Prophet of Persia and India called Essa (Essene Judaism) is recorded as being in a Buddha' Temple in the Himalayas during this period. Buddha' (560-483) is alleged to have performed miracles by curing the sick, walking on water and feeding the multitude by multiplication of fish and bread. Followers of this hypothesis point to Buddhism beliefs of love they neighbor, truth, frugality and simplicity of life, service of the poor and down trodden and non-violence. Isha means Jesus may have visited. Buddhaism has a lot of similarity to Christianity.
2. Joseph of Arimathaea a secret disciple and alleged Great Uncle of Jesus took his nephew on his tin trading mission to Druid England. The Druids believed in a future messiah and a body and soul concept. Joseph of Arimathaea in 63 A.D. is also associated with the sacred cup of the Last Supper called the Holy Grail. Joseph is the Rich man who buried Jesus.
3. The Teacher of Rightness of the Essenes Judaism is believed by some to be the Jesus of the New Testament. John the Baptist of the Dead Sea Region is most likely an Essene Judaism who also practiced a form of Baptism. The Essene Judaism held a messianic belief, practiced austerity, sharing, love of one another, a strict adherence to the laws of God and had a ritual of blessing the bread and wine at meal times.
4. Some (especially those of the Judaism sect) believe that Jesus is a member of the Zealot movement as crucifixion is the penalty only used for subversion against Rome. Matthew 10-34 " Do not suppose that I come to bring peace to the earth; it is not peace I have come to bring, but a sword. It is also noted that the Jesus' followers are armed in that one drew his sword and cut off the ear of the high priests servant. These people believe all references of a revolutionary nature are deleted from the Gospels to ensure their survival under Roman rule. Some believe he is a Zealot Essene Judaism as the War Scrolls of the Dead Sea express a belief that the Messiah is a military leader and will lead the people on the final apocalyptic war. It is also noteworthy that the sacred cup used in the Last Supper is a symbol of the revolutionaries against Roman rule.
5. Traditionalist believe Jesus spent the lost years in Nazareth of Galilee that is noted for Zealots and Essene yet lived a quiet existence likely as a carpenter.
It is noteworthy that 50 Gospels are written over the next 200 years (only 4 are accepted by the Roman Catholic Church) about the life of Jesus but few shed much light on the lost years. Its also noteworthy that the oldest fragment of any gospel is John and it dates to 125 A.D. Its highly unlikely that any of the Gospels, Epistles or Testaments is written this century.
The sequence of writing of the Gospels is:
1 Gospel according to John   Tradition maintains that John is the son of Zebedee and brother of James. They were known as the 'sons of thunder' (Boanerges). Tradition suggests John went to Asia Minor and settled at Ephesus, that he was exiled to the island of Patmos under Domitian persecution, where he wrote the Apocalypse. He later returned to Ephesus and in old age wrote his Gospel. Scholars maintain that three different hands write the Gospel, Apocalypse and letters. John is dependent on the Essene documents of Qumran and aligns more closely with the Jewish tradition of Jesus. This Gospel dates before 150 AD
2 Gospel according to Mark.   Mark was not one of the recorded disciples of Jesus. Mark's Greek is rough, strongly Aramaic and often faulty. Some contend this is John Mark a cousin of Barnabas a follower of Paul until they quarreled. This however is not supported by earliest traditions. Later traditions hold that this is the Mark who preached in Egypt and was martyred in Alexandria at the time of Nero.
3 Gospel according to Matthew. An eyewitness to the life of Jesus could not have written these five books. Matthew is highly dependent on the Mark's Gospel, written in Greek as opposed to Matthew's own language, Aramaic. Evidence points to the Gospel being written at a date too late to be the work of a disciple.
4 Gospel according to Luke. Luke was not one of the recorded disciples of Jesus. It is believed that Luke is also the author of the "Acts of the Apostles" since both have the same literary style. Some believe Luke is a traveling companion of Paul as far as Rome. Later tradition maintains that Luke was a native of Antioch. Luke obviously had access to Matthew and Mark during his crafting of his work, omitting things he considered derogatory and to put other things more theologically aligned with his beliefs and values. It is strongly suggested that Luke had access to some of John or to some of John's sources.
24
A Judah Sect who called themselves the 'Community of the New Covenant' (Essenes Judaism) are also likely the sect of John (7 BC-29 AD) the Baptist from the wilderness (Dead Sea Region). John the Baptist of Judaea is the son of Zechariah and Elizabeth a cousin of Mary mother of Jesus and is considered a good man. Zechariah is a priest in the Temple of Jerusalem. John commanded the Judaism Sects to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; for that the washing with water would be acceptable to God, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away of some sins but for the purification of the body: supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness. "The Essene Judaism are a solitary people, extraordinary beyond all others, who live without women and without money, having only the palm trees for company" so wrote the Romans in the first century. The Messianic Essene Judaism practiced baptism, shared their wealth and is governed by a council of twelve. They are the first Middle East people known to have a monastic tradition. The Messianic Essenes Judaism are located on the north west shore of the Dead Sea. It is noteworthy that the Messianic Essene Judaism make reference to the 'Children of the light' an expression that is attributed to Joshua alias Jesus Christ
(6 B.C.-26 to 36) LK:16:8, JN:12:36, EPH:5:8 and 1THES:5:5.   Some of the Essene Judaism sect communities aspired to moral purity. They believed that women couldn’t be faithful to one man. These people renounced marriage altogether. They adopted male children into their community. Other communities of Essene Judaism Sects advocated marriage but only for procreation. It is noteworthy that the future Roman Paulist Cult adopted this belief. The city dwellers of the Essene Judaism Sect are called the Polistoe vs. those who live in the wilderness but all embraces the same beliefs and don't offer sacrifice in the temple. They believe their sacrifice is more pure. This applies that temple worship is impure at this time. The Essene Judaism sect is expelled from the common Court of the Jerusalem Temple.
It is noteworthy that the New Testament never used the word Christ meaning 'the anointed one' but rather they used the word Messiah. Christ is an ancient Egyptian belief that one of the dead at judgment time would be chosen the Christ to lead the people to salvation. It is likely the early Roman Church dropped Messiah so as not to be aligned with the Orthodox Judah Sects (Rabbinical Judaism) and selected Christ to align with the Egyptian traditions.

birth of jesus 30 - 1 B.C.

30 B.C.
Herod, King of Judea (40-4 B.C.), the Great King of the Jews ordered the execution of the Pharisee Hyrcanus son Alexander Jannaeus (104-76 B.C.) and Shelamzion (Salome Alexandra) (d-67 B.C.). It is noteworthy that Herod used 400 Galatians (Celtic people) as his personal bodyguards. The Great King Herod supplied grain to all who needed it even those outside his realm. He discharged debts and dues and lowered the burden of annual taxation on many towns.
(3)-Jesus the son of Fabus is the High Priest of Jerusalem.
(4)-Jesus the son of Boethus is the High Priest of Jerusalem
Cleopatra VII (c. 69–30 BC), a Macedonian, queen of Egypt (51–30 BC), celebrated for her love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XI Auletes, king of Egypt (c. 112–51 BC). She married two of her brothers.
Egyptian historian Hieronimus says that Noah's Ark's remains can be seen on Mt. Arant.
29 B.C.
King Herod of Judea (40-4) held the Essen Sect in very high regard. Manahem the Essen had a divine revelation when Herod was a child that he would be King of the Jews but will forget piety and righteousness. About this time he advised the King that he would live longer than 20 years but not longer than 30 years.
27 B.C.
Hispania (Spain) is absorbed into the Roman Empire by Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.). The Romans again invade Tin Island. The Roman Senate names Caesar Octavian as Augustus, not quite divine but close enough to be a god.
23 B.C.
(6)-Joezer High Priest of Jerusalem son of Boethus, the brother of King Herod's wife, Mariamme II served as high priest (23-5 B.C.). Joezer replaced Marthias (?-23) the son of Theophilus as High Priest.
20 B.C.
The Gospel of the Birth of Mary (mother of Jesus) according to Mathew by the St. Jerome (340-420) version records Mary's parents as Joachim of Nazareth, Galilee and Anna of Bethlehem.   Her birth is recorded as being during the reign of the High Priest of the House of Issachar about this time. It is recorded about 17 B.C. she is weaned and placed in the temple of Jerusalem for education and is pressured to be married about 6 B.C. at age 14 years as that is the custom of this time.
The Protevangelion Gospel or the Gospel of the Birth of Christ and the Perpetual Virgin Mary his Mother is attributed to James the lesser, cousin and brother of the Lord Jesus, chief Apostle and first Bishop of the Christians in Jerusalem. This Gospel suggests the high priest is named Reuben during the birth of Mary and places Mary as age 12 years when she is betroth (married) to Joseph. Joseph is absence from home for two years. Mary by this account did not conceive until age 14 years. This Gospel says Joseph is a widow with children. It also says the high priest during this marriage period is Zacharias. There is no listing of high priests called Reuben or Zacharias during or after the reign of Herod.
19 B.C.
A severe earthquake hit a wide area of Syria killing over one hundred thousand people. Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) Emperor of Rome began shifting Roman beliefs towards Greek ideals. Civil offenses became criminal offenses. Property laws are altered to allow sale of family property to creditors. Power bases began to shift from aristocratic families to the courts and senate. Roman began to think like the Greeks that women are hostile to civilization.
18 B.C.
Mary the mother of Jesus b-4-6, B.C, she was born 18-20 B.C. an Essene daughter Joachim and Anne; married 5-7 B.C. Joseph born 24-26 B.C. a widower
Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) established the cult of the Emperor that first appeared about 29 B.C. in the form of temples. He strengthened the bonds of marriage, encouraged child bearing and the protection of public morals. His reign is considered an age of peace.
14 B.C.
Germanic tribes called the Batavian and Frisian established themselves in the Netherlands.
After his death Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) is declared divine in his own right, the son of god and a god as well.
9 B.C.
Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) between 9 B.C. and 9 A.D. attempted to move the frontier from the Rhine River to the Elbe River. A disastrous defeat of Varus the Roman (in Germany) in 9 A.D. lost Northern Germany to the barbarians.
8 B.C.
A Paleoasian people from the Altaic Mountains displaced from Korea the native people. They are pushed to the Arctic regions of Sakhalin and Kamchatha Peninsula. Koreans of the Alyaic speaking people include Turkish, Mongolian and Tungrsic.
7 B.C.
Emperor Aidi ruled Western China (7-1 B.C.)
John the Baptist (7 B.C.-29 A.D.) the Baptist son Zechariah a Abijah priest of the temple and Elizabeth is born about this time.
6 B.C.
Most likely in September (6-4 B.C.) is the birth of Jesus Christ, a Judian, alias Joshua meaning God saves or Greek Messiah meaning God will be our savior, of the tribe of Semitic-Judah, of the tribe of King David (1096-1056 B.C.). He is born in the Roman Province of Palestine. Some believe he is born about 4 B.C. at Nazareth in the District of Galilee which contained about 50 houses and not Bethlehem (Ephrath) in the District of Judaea. Nazareth at this time is a hotbed of revolutionaries including the Zealots a sect of Judea. It is noteworthy that Nazareth likely has a population of some one hundred people. The only apparent agreement is that Joshua the Judah Messiah is born during the reign of the Judian King Herod, The Great (40-4 B.C.). He would later be called the Son of God. The Essene Sect recorded that God visited the earth causing a Messianic (Christian) Root of Planting to grow. They went on to say that God made His Holy Spirit known to them by the hand of His Messiah (Christ). The Egyptian tradition speaks of the Son of God as a guide for the Man of Light. The Egyptians believe that the soul of man reaches perfection through knowledge of God. The Essene predicted that the Messiah (Christ) would resurrect the dead, uphold the fallen, heal the sick, release the captives, keeping the faith with those asleep in the dust (Jewish traditions). The Lord (Christ) will visit the Pious Ones (Essenes through John the Baptist) and the Righteous (Apostles) will he call by name. Over the Meek will his (Holy) Spirit hover, and the Faithful will He restore to his power. To the Meek He will announce glad tidings. It is noteworthy that the terms righteous and pious are common to Jewish tradition and the terms meek and faithful are common to Christian tradition.
Eusebius Pamphili (260-339 A.D.) claims Christ is born 42 years of Augustus's reign and 28 years after the subjugation of Egypt and the death of Antony and Cleopatria. This is during the registration while Quirinius is Governor of Syria at the time of the first registry. This is also the time of the rebellion of Judas Gaulonite (the Galilean) from a city called Gamalia who took Zadok a Parisee with him and instigated a revolt. They claimed the registration (valuation) would result in complete slavery. At this time Herod became first foreign King of the Jewish Nation. Mosiac Law at this time says inter-marriage between different tribes is forbidden, women must wed someone from the same town and same clan. This is so that the family inheritance may not be removed from the tribe. Children are classified as by natural or by law where another man fathered a child by the name of a brother who died childless. This cultural trait is used to justify discrepancies in genealogy.
The New Testament (Matthew 2:13-23) suggests Herod, King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) the Great killed all Bethlehem (Ephrath) children two years and under. It also contends that Joseph and Mary fled to Egypt as a result. The detailed Judea chronicles of the life of Herod, King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) the Great record his killing of many officials including his own wife and children but nothing of the Biblical allegations. The birth of Jesus story is known to have been added some time after 100 A.D. Some suggest the only reasonable conclusion is that (Matthew 2:13-23) is a much later Roman Catholic fabrication to counter the growing stature among the Judians of the accomplishments of Herod, King of Judea The Great (40-4 B.C.). Another more plausible alternative is that this story represents the killing of tens of thousands of children in Carthage (Tunisia) as sacrifice to their God Baal during the 4th to 2nd century B.C. It is noteworthy to remember that many of the Hebrews before Moses too as late as 570 B.C. also followed the God Baal. The God Baal demanded the sacrifice of children. The story of the child sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham was likely added to Genesis to purge the Hebrew history of their historical child sacrifice practices. Jeremiah 19:5, 7:31, Ezekiel 20:31, Micah 6:7, Leviticus 18:21, 20:2, Judges 11:30, Isaiah 57:5,9, 2Kings 16:3, 1Kings 16:34. Some Hebrews are likely following this practice even to this time period.
Herod married Malthace the Samaritan and had Herod Antipas. Herod's other marriage is to Mariamme the Hasmonean and had Aristobulus who had Harod Agrippi I.   It is noteworthy that Herod passionately loved Mariamme but she fiercely hated the King. Herod the Great however had more wives than Henry VIII. The 'Wailing Wall' of the Temple Mount (also known as Haram al-Sharif) in Jerusalem ( Urusalim) is the remains of the Temple built by the Judaic King Herod The Great (40-4 B.C.).
The Protevangelion Gospel attributed to the Apostle James supports the Herod story except the killing of the children is a threat rather than a reality.
The Gospel of the Birth of Mary (mother of Jesus) according to Mathew by the St. Jerome (340-420) version records Mary's parents as Joachim of Nazareth, Galilee and Anna of Bethlehem. Joseph is recorded as being of advanced age, from Bethleham, of the house of David. It is noteworthy that the Christian doctrine of perpetual virginity of Mary has no basis in scripture. The Mosaic Law at this times says intermarriage between different tribes was forbidden. A woman must marry someone from the same town and the same clan, so that the family inheritance may not move from tribe to tribe. This is interesting given that the American Indian were forbidden to marry in the same clan for incest taboos.
The myth that Jesus is an only child is also not supported by scripture. Jesus is not the only child of Mary and the Apostles recorded that he had brothers and sisters. An example is James as recorded as the brother of Jesus. Most Biblical scholars hold this position. Sephuras less than one hour from Nazarath is likely the home of Mary and likely the work place of Jesus and Joseph as it was being rebuilt at this time.
The Protevangelion Gospel attributed to James the lesser, first Bishop of the Christians in Jerusalem places the birth of Jesus during the reign of Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) Emperor of Rome and during the reign of the high priest Zacharias. Augustus issued a decree that all Jews are to be taxed who are of Bethlehem in Judea. The first Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ attributed to Joseph Caiaphas (18-36) the High Priest of Jerusalem claims that all persons must go to be taxed in their own country, the city of their fathers and Jesus is born in a cave near Bethlehem of Judaea.
5 B.C.
The Celt, as a Race of people, still occupied Ireland, Scotland, England, Gaul, Germany and Northern Italy. The Greek historian Herodotus (480-430 B.C.) described Scythia as extending from the mouth of the Ister (Danube) up the rivers Borysthenes (Dnieper) and Tanais (Don) far to the north and East of the Black Sea. The Pharisees who numbered some 6,000 did not recognize the sovereignty of King Herod. (6)-Joezer (-2) High Priest of Jerusalem son of Boethus, the brother of King Herod's wife, Mariamme II served as high priest (23-5 B.C.) is deposed by Archelaus who appointed his brother (7)-Eleazer as high priest. The Zealots and Pharisees believed Archelaus had deprived the high priesthood of it glory and value by changing a long held tradition of the high priesthood being a life long office.
4 B.C.
Just before the death of Herod, King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) two doctors (teachers of Judian law), Judah the son Sepphoraeus and Matthias, son of Margalus incited a large youthful audience to riot. Judah and Matthias are considered the most skillful in the laws of Judaea. These two doctors of law said that any Jew who died in a virtuous cause would enjoy eternal happiness. The young men, their disciples, destroyed the Roman Golden Eagle in the Temple. The two doctors (Rabbis) and some forty young men are burnt alive for this sacrilege against the King of the Jews. This happened while Herod is on his deathbed. Herod gathered the most illustrious men of the whole Jewish nation and ordered their death upon his own death but Salome freed the men upon his death.
About this time upon Herod, King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) death is a general Judian uprising at such places as Galilee, Persea and Jericho. The Judo-Zealot Sect opposed the Herodian Sadducees during the uprising (4 B.C.- 7 A.D.) using the tax issue to support their struggle. The Judo-Zealots raised the issue of the pollution of the Temple by robbing the Meek. The Governor of Syria in retaliation captured 2,000 ringleaders and had them crucified. The Judo-Essene Sect likely fled from Damascus back to Qumran where they repaired and refurbished their community for the imminent coming of the Prophet and Messiah of Arron and Israel.
During Passover in Jerusalem the Zealots began recruiting followers against Rome and this alarmed Archelaus (4 B.C.-6 A.D.) who is not yet tetrarch. The temple Zealots demanded that Archelaus punish all followers of the dead King Herod his father. Archelaus sent some soldiers to arrest the ringleaders. The Temple crowd attacked and killed the arresting officers. Archelaus ordered his entire army into the city killing 3,000 Zealots and dispersed the remainder among the neighboring hills. The festival is ordered closed and everyone is ordered to return to their hometowns.
King Herod's son Archelaus emerged as ethnarch ruled Judea and Samaria (4 B.C. to 6 A.D.) and his other son Herod Antipas as tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea (4 B.C. to 39 A.D.) and his third son Philip as tetrarch of Batanaea, northeast of the Lake of Galilee (4 B.C. to 34 A.D.).
The City of Sepphoris, of Galilee located about 3 1/2 hours from Nazareth is rebuilt having been originally built in 70 B.C. This city contained some 20,000 people, is an hours walk from Nazareth yet is not mentioned in the New Testament. The town of Caina, that is much smaller, located 8 miles north, is mentioned.
Before the general revolt into anarchy a Jewish delegation from Jerusalem claiming to be supported by the 8,000 Jews at Rome pleaded for autonomy for their people. The estimates of Jews in Rome vary from 20,000 to 60,000.
3 B.C.
The Celtic Dacians displaced the Scythian from Romania.
The Jews of Jerusalem turned on the Romans killing many of them while Archelaus is in Rome. The Romans in retaliation plundered the temple.
Judas son of the arch-robber Hezekias the bandit plundered Galilee. Some of King Herod’s mercenary army (Gauls and Germans) joined the Zealot bandits. These bandits burnt many royal palaces throughout the country. During this revolt Varus sent troops across the country and crucified 2,000 ringleaders. The Jews of Judaea gathered at Jerusalem and divided into three different camps. The camp of the Zealots attacked the Romans. The Romans won the day and pillaged the treasury of the temple for restitution. This causes more Jews to side with the Zealots. Civil war began to breakout throughout the district of Judaea, Samaria and Galilee. Many would be Kings (seekers of power) attacked both Romans and Jews for anything of value. Anarchy prevailed during this uprising and no single event or person could provide a unified leadership.
2 B.C.
Celts and Germanic (Mongol-Indo) speaking peoples began to mix in Gaul.
During the reign of Archelaus (Ethnarch) (4 B.C.- 6 A.D) son Herod (40-4 B.C.) Tetrarch of Judea and Sumeria he removed the High Priest (6)-Joazar son Boethus replacing him with (7)-Eleazar son Boethus. (6)-Joezer (Joazar) son of Boethus an Egyptian had been appointed High Priest of the Herodian Sadducee after marrying the daughter of Herod, King of Judaea (40-4 B.C.). At this time Simon the Essene is working as a diviner one who is active in the interpretation of dreams. The Essene Sect lives the same style of life as those whom the Greeks called the Pythagorean Sect. The Essenes believe like the Greeks in a heaven and Hell (Hades).
1 B.C.
Emperor Pindi ruled Western China (1 B.C.-6 A.D..)
Kurds have lived in southeastern Turkey since before this time.
Rome defeats the Celt-Germanic intrusion in Northern Italy. Judas the Galilean and Pharisee Saddok urged disobedience to Rome and refuse to pay taxes. Varus pursues the various Jewish rebels.   Towns that did not join in the anarchy are spared retribution. Varus marched on Jerusalem and the would be Zealots fled the city and the citizens welcomed the troops disclaiming all responsibility for the revolt. Varus sent his men into the countryside to track down the troublemakers. Some prisoners are sent to Rome for judgement. Varus at Jerusalem crucified some 2,000 leaders of the attempted revolution.

julius cesar 100 - 31 B.C.

100 B.C.
The Judaean Essenes Sect established their center at Wadi Qumran, near the Dead Sea and only 16 miles from Jerusalem, to await the coming of the promised Messianic Age. Their community is built upon the ruins of a Judaean town.
The Essenes practiced a form of ritual purity like Baptism except they repeated it periodically with some conducting the ritual daily.
The Celts are proficient in metal working, wheeled plow and reaper, carpentry and wagon building. They manufactured trousers or breeches, cape and hoods, wooden clogs and had holy-men. A clan called the Cimbrians of North Germany who intermixed with the Teutones disappeared about this time. The Romans called the Celtic people as Germanic Teutons and the Belgae or Bastarne Teutons meaning that they came from that region but didn't belong to the Germanic Teuton linguistic group.
Chinese Emperor Wu (140-87 B.C.) invaded Korea.
93 B.C.
The Pharisees of Judea normally supported the ruling party but this year they revolted and that precipitated into a six-year civil war with the Sadduceans.
92 B.C.
A Greek marriage contract from this period reflects a fundamental shift from traditional beliefs. The contract between Apollonia and Philiscus claims common possessions, no other wife but Apollonia, no concubine, no boyfriends or beget children from any other woman, nor reside in any other household, nor repudiate her or do violence to her or treat her badly or alienate any of their property.
91 B.C.
Minority Italia formed a Republic against the Latins, Etruscans, Umbrians and some southern Greek cities. The Roman Senate had voided a bill to extend citizenship to all Italians.
90 B.C.
Posidonus of Apamea (135-51 B.C.) the Roman first named the (Indo-Europe family of languages) people of Scandinavia, Denmark and Schleswig, the Germanic speaking peoples. They are the Alamanni, Saxons, Franks (Salians, Ripuarians, Moselle and Main Franks, Chatti), and later, Thuringians and Bavarians. It is noteworthy that Franks means free of the Romans and not a clan or tribe of people. These Indo-European peoples are believed descendants of the Celts or from the same source. Posidonus traveled extensively throughout Celtic lands and recorded abhorrence with their practice of human sacrifice and the displaying of decapitated heads of their enemies. The Celt called this the crop of warfare. He is astonished at their immense appetites for roast boar, insatiable thirst for wine and their uninhibited public sexual displays. Publius Cornelious Tacitus (55-116? A.D.) a Roman historian wrote in 98 that these Germanic people arrived by sail and not by land into present German lands. They have blue eyes, red hair and huge frames. Only the priests can reprimand, flog or imprison. Authority is based upon ability but the King is by birth but has no authority. The priests however claim their authority from God. Their women are fierce and inflict horrors on captives. Assemblies are called to establish rules of conduct. Only one wife is allowed and the man brings the dowry, not the woman. A wife is considered a partner in peace and war. They frown on vice or corruption and clandestine action is unknown to men or women.
Northern Germans are Scandinavia, Eastern Germans those who migrated from Scandinavia into the region east of the Elbe is (Vandals, Burgundian, Goth (Mongolian), Rugian and others).
West Germans are divided into three cults based on the three sons of Mannus:
    Ingaevones on the coast of the North Sea.
    Istvaeones along the Rhine.
    Herminones in the interior.
These groups included: Cheruscan, Ubii, Batanian, Chatti, Frank (Usipetes, Tencteri, Sugambri & Buctri) Chauci, Frisians, Saxon, Suevi, Semnoni, Hermunduri, Lancobardi, Marcomanni, Quadi and others.
88 B.C.
Mithridates VI Emperor, ruler of the kingdom of Pontus along the Black Sea conquered Roman territories in Asia Minor and modern day Syria. He ordered and orchestrated the genocide massacre of about one hundred thousand Roman men, women and children. It is said 80,000 are killed in a single day.
87 B.C.
King Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 B.C.) with an army of 20,000 Jews waged war with Demetrius and his army of 40,000 including many Jewish allies. King Alexander returned to Jerusalem with many Jewish prisoners. He committed sacrilege when he crucified 800 Jews in the heart of the city and butchered their wives and children before their eyes while he reclined with his concubines. Fear took hold of the people and 8,000 people of the opposing factions fled Jerusalem and Judaea.   It is believed the Essene sect first retired to Qumran as a result of these civil wars.
Emperor Xuandi ruled Western China (87-74 B.C.)

76 B.C.
The Pharisees opposed King Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 B.C.) the high priest and his wars and conquests on religious grounds although he controlled almost as much as the ancient kingdom of David (1096-1056). The Sadducees and upper classes supported Alexander. Alexander (103-76) appointed his wife Queen Alexandra (Salome) (76-67 B.C.) as his successor. She appointed her son Hyrcanus II (76-67) as high priest along with the Pharisees who quickly displaced the Sadducees. The Pharisees would later contest this decision. The Queen being overly pious allowed the Pharisees to gain control of the kingdom. The Pharisees systematically executed allies of Alexander who had instigated against the Pharisees during his reign. They bound and loosed men at their pleasure. The Pharisee followed the Halakhot or Oral Law being the official interpretation of the Torah or Written Law. The Oral Law is not written until the second century A.D. The Mosaic code (the Torah) is in the hands of the Scribes.
74 B.C.
Emperor Xuandi ruled Western China (74-49 B.C.)

73 B.C.
Roman gladiators led by Spartacus, a Thracian soldier, began a general uprising among one hundred thousand escaped gladiators and slaves. They avenged themselves by pillaging and raping their former masters. They crucified any prisoners they took or forced them to slaughter each other in combat. This is just as the gladiators themselves had been forced to do by the Romans. The crass and rich slave trader Marcus Licinius Crassus eventually defeats them and six thousand slaves are crucified along the road from Capua to Rome as an example to all other slaves. Marcus Licinius Crassus is the biggest property owner in Rome and to celebrate the end of the revolution he set up 10,000 banquet tables in the Forum, feeding all of Rome for days. Crassus also funded the young up-and-coming Julius Caesar (100-44).
Herod born 73 B.C. and King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) is the son of Antipater and Cypros an Aribian. Antipater had four sons, Phasaelus, Herod, Joseph and Pheroras and a daughter Salome.
70 B.C.
Phraates III (70-57 B.C.) was king of the Parthians at the time of Pompey's campaigns in Asia Minor.
68 B.C.
The Romans took Crete and Cilicia whose pirate activities in the Mediterranean are seriously interfering with Roman grain supplies. These pirates are slaves trading to the markets at Delos.
67 B.C.
The high priest Hyrcanus II (76-67) the son of Alexander is the heir to the Kingdom of Judaea but his brother Aristobulus II (76-67) warred with him for control and won to become the high priest of Jerusalem.
66 B.C.
Rome annexes the Kingdom of Seleucid as the province of Syria.
64 B.C.
Cneius Pompeius (Pompey) (100-48) Roman Governor of Asia takes Antioch, Greece (Anatolia) ending the Greek Dynasty (650-64 B.C.). The Romans are invited into Judaea to settle a internal dispute of who should be king. The Roman historian Tacitus (?70-100 A.D.) records that Pompeius obtained Jerusalem by victory. He found the temple empty and destroyed the walls.
As soon as a Roman army set foot on Jewish soil both fighting factions (Antipater and brother Hyrcanus) sent delegations seeking the Roman General Scaurus aid. The Pharisee party sent their own delegation opposing both brothers. Antipater gained a leading position in the political life of Judaea through a gift of 300 talents to the Romans. Antipater became procurator of all Judaea. Hyreanus II (64-40 is high priest of Jerusalem according to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.).
63 B.C.
Pompey (100-48) Roman Governor of Asia takes Jerusalem, in order to pacify the Judah Sect and imposed a Roman Protectorate over the Maccabean Jew named Hyrcanus II (64-40) then being the High Priest. Some 12,000 Jews are killed most by other Jews of rival factions. Very few Romans are killed. The Pharisees are killed while conducting offerings and burning incense. Many threw themselves down precipices. Scaurus is Pompey's adjutant at this time. Hyrcanus II (64-40) is restored as High Priest in recognition of his cooperation during the siege of Jerusalem. The chief perpetrators of the civil war are beheaded. Governor Pompey then invaded the Arab Kingdom of Petra. Scaurus is Governor of Judea under the supervision of the Governor of Syria and is lightly taxed.
60 B.C.
The historian Strabo the Greek writes of an ancient legend that described an army drowned in the sea on the coast of Canaan near Egypt and not the Red Sea as the legend of Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) recounts. It is noteworthy that no reference to Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) is made outside of Scriptures.
Marcus Licinius Crassus (d-53) raised his own army to fight the treacherous Parthians in Syria.
59 B.C.
Seven million Celts occupied Gaul, their decedents include Wales (Welsh), Ireland (Erse), Scotland (Gaelic), England (Breton) and despite centuries by England and France to annihilate their culture it still exist to this day. The Celts are shipbuilders, Sailors and metal workers. The Celts at this time wore trousers to protect their legs.
58 B.C.
The Celts of Switzerland are conquered by the Romans, as are the Celts from Gaul who invaded across the Rhine. Julius Caesar (100-44) killed over one million Celts in his conquest of Gaul (France). It is noteworthy that the Celtic Empire has been in decline since its peak power in 300 B.C. Julius Caesar (100-44) is also reported to have captured and sold 1,000,000 slaves into the Roman political infrastructure that supports this culture.
55 B.C.
Julius the future God-Caesar (100-44) invades Tin Island (Britain) and noticed that the Celtic-Belgic are different from the older Celtic inhabitants. The Romans noted the Celts are very careful about cleanliness and neatness, neither man nor woman however poor is seen either ragged or dirty. Julius Caesar (100-44) noted the Celt have a custom of sharing one woman among groups of ten to twelve men usually among brothers and among the sons of brothers. The Celts referred to this as the friendship of the thighs.
Marcus Licinius Crassus is defeated at the battle of Carrhae. When the Parthians of Syria realized they had killed the richest Roman of all times they poured molten gold down his throat so that his lifelong thirst for gold should be quenched in death.
53 B.C.
The Roman general Crassus invades Partha, but is defeated, thus began the Roman-Parthian conflicts that lasts for the next 270 years. The Persians defeated the Romans in the Battle of Carrhae. Some 20,000 Romans under Crassus were killed by the Parthian army and 10,000 were captured. The Parthians then used the Romans as guards on their eastern frontier in what later became Turkmenistan
Caesar claimed to have wiped out the Celtic Eburones after they conspired with other groups in an attack that killed 6,000 Roman soldiers. The Eburones lived in an area that later came be known as part of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands.
52 B.C.
This year, possibly 53 B.C. a confrontation began between the Romanian Empire and the Parthian Empire which lasted until 217 A.D.
The Celts from Gaul (France) sided with the Romans against the Vandals, Mongolian-Goths and Mongolian-Huns.
50 B.C.
Herod born 73 B.C. and King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) is appointed governor of Galilee and his brother Phasael Governor Judaea son Antipater. Herod immediately captured the brigand chief Ezekias a Jew who is ravaging the district bordering on Syria. At this time the Jewish community is split between anti-Roman and pro-Roman factions. It is noteworthy that Galilee is overpopulated at this time resulting in general unrest.
49 B.C.
Emperor Yuandi ruled Western China (49-33 B.C.)
Rome subdued Spain in a six-week campaign. The Pharisee Aristobulus son Alexander Jannaeus (104-76 B.C.) and Shelamzion (Salome Alexandra) (d-67 B.C.) is poisoned on his way to Rome to regain his Kingdom by supporters of Pompey (100-48 B.C.) Roman Governor of Asia.
48 B.C.
Herod (40-4 B.C.) son Antipater is appointed Governor of Galilee at 25 years of age. His brother Phasaelus is appointed Governor of Jerusalem. The Jew Hezekias led a great band of robbers that ran over Galilee and parts of Syria. Herod marched upon the Galilian rebels killing many of the robbers including Hezekias. The people were so grateful that Phasaelus also imitated Herod and won the appreciation of the people of Judaea. The Pharisee high priest Hyrcanus II (64-40) son Alexander Jannaeus (104-76 B.C.) became envious that he is not given the authority to kill rebel Jews and began to plot against the King and his sons.
Julius Caesar (100-44) traveled from Rome to Egypt and fell in love with Cleopatra.
47 B.C.
Julius the God-Caesar (100-44) the barbarian invades and destroys the Great Alexandria Library. He then marched on Africa to fight the partisans of Pompey. He also destroyed the Great Library of Egypt that contained ancient texts and documents. The wealth of the recorded material lost is incalculable.
44 B.C.
After a struggle for control of the Roman Republic in February Julius Caesar (100-44) is proclaimed Roman dictator for life. Julius the God-Caesar (100-44) is assassinated on the Ides of March. Civil war broke out in the Roman Empire. Octavian and Mark Antony share power after defeating the army of Brutus and Cassius. Parthian armies seized Antioch, Jerusalem and Phoenicia. Heavy taxes are imposed on the people to fund the growing armies.
43 B.C.
Gaul is absorbed into the dying Roman Empire. A Roman army of 40,000 men occupied England determined to conquer the whole Tin Island. The Romans considered the Celts, war-mad, high spirited and quick for battle. Rome could not conquer Caledonia so Emperor Hadrian planned a wall along the border between England and Caledonia (Scotland) to keep the barbarous Picts out of the south.
42 B.C.
Rome declared the assassinated Julias as divine and Octavius, his adopted son, became the son of god.
41 B.C.
Mark Antony (83-30) met Cleopatra VII (69-30), the Greek Queen of Egypt at Tarsus and altered the whole course of history. Cleopatra is the mistress of the God-Julius Caesar (100-44) and had his son. Cleopatra is ambitious and hopes to create a dynasty. Rumor spread that Antony is planning to transfer the capital of the empire to Alexandria. It is noteworthy that Cleopatra used Galatian (Celtic people) as her personal bodyguards.
40 B.C.
The Roman Senate officially gave Herod the Great the title King of the Jews having the support of Antony and Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.). (1)-Antigonus (Ananelus)(40-37) is high priest of Jerusalem appointed by Herod the Great, according to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.).
38 B.C.
Mark Antony's generals after two years of campaign drove back the Parthian army regaining Antioch, Jerusalem and Phoenicia. The habitual troublemakers (Zealots) in Galilee attacked General Ptolemy and slew him. King Herod destroyed a large number of the insurgents, destroyed all their strongholds and imposed a tax on towns that supported the rebel Jews.
37 B.C.
The Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) calculates the beginning of King Herods reign as 37 B.C.
The Galileans again rebelled killing King Herod’s brother Joseph. King Herod engaged the Galileans destroying their towns and killing the rebels en masse. Two Rabbis Pollio and Sameas and their Pharisee supporters advised the people of Jerusalem to open the gates to Herod the Great (40-4 B.C.). Herod King of Judea (40-4 B.C.) by appointment of the Roman Senate rewarded the Pharisee and executed other groups such as the Sadducee. Herod King of the Jews rebuilt the temple in Jerusalem but is hated by the Sadducees, Pharisees and Zealot sects. The Judah-Essene Sect of Qumran (Palestine) during the reign of King Herod (40-4 B.C.) appear to have gone into hiding. Some suggest they moved to Damascus (Syria). It is noteworthy that Herod King of the Jews is paranoid about any threat to his throne and the Essene is noted for their belief of an imminent Messianic Age. This is likely an erroneous story created by the Pharisee as King Herod held the Essene Sect in high regard even building and Essene gate to the Jerusalem temple through the old wall.
36 B.C.
(2)-Aristobulus is appointed high priest of Jerusalem.
34 B.C.
The worlds largest artificial mound is built as a memorial to the Seleucid King Antiochus I (69-34 B.C.) south east of Malatya, Turkey.
33 B.C.
Emperor Chengdi ruled Western China (49-7 B.C.)
Caesar Octavian (63 B.C.-14 A.D.) turned Rome against the Egyptians. He claimed the Egyptians are conducting barbaric practices and that Cleopatra used sorcery and seduced Mark Anthony. Antony it is said became a slave to his passion.
An earthquake struck the middle east (Actium) killing countless cattle and 30,000 people. The Arabs assumed the destruction is more wide spread and used this opportunity to invade Judaea. King Herod killed 12,000 and captured 4,000 Arabs.
31 B.C.
Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) struggled for Roman power with Antony who allied with Cleopatra of Egypt. The forces of Antony and Cleopatra are crushed. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt and committed suicide to avoid capture. The reign of Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) is viewed by some to be the Golden Age of Rome. They consider it a peaceful reign with political calm, much justice and literary excellence. Gaius Augustus Octavian Caesar (43 B.C.-14 A.D.) had annexed Egypt before he became First Citizen in 27 B.C. Caesar Octavian named himself the Son of God. It is noteworthy that Italy at this time is built on the labor of some two million slaves. Poor Romans sometimes subjected themselves into slavery to avoid starving to death. Abandoned babies and children were also added to the ranks as slaves.
The Esseine Sect's community of Qumran is being rebuilt after a disastrous earthquake. An earthquake occurred at the Qumran caves by the Dead Sea when Herod ruled in Jerusalem. This was the site where fragments of scrolls from the books of Psalms and Numbers were later found, as well as a human skeleton beneath boulders from the earthquake.

hannibal 300 - 101 B.C.

300 B.C.
About this time the Celts mixed with the Prytani of Britain to be called the Cymry (Welsh). Welsh are related to the Basques of northern Spain and southern France and to native Americans based on genetic studies.
The Sarmatian another Iranian people displaced the Scythian from the shores of southern Russia (the Black Sea). A Sarmatian tribe called the Alan is considered the second best horsemen after the Huns. The Alan is a typical nomad yet some of the tribe mixed with other tribes into an agricultural population. They are described as tall, handsome and blond highly skilled armoires and jewelers. Another wave of Celts arrived in Gaul from the East. The Carnute Celts established their capital at Chartres, France. Caesar would later regard this area as the center of Gaul where they hold their annual synod.
The Greek writer Ephorus (400-330 B.C.) referred to the Celts, Scythians, Persians and Libyans as the four great barbarian peoples in the known world.
The Yayoi culture from Korea invade Japan and mixed with the Japanese to become the modern Japanese and force the aboriginal Ainu people from their homeland to the northern isle of Hokkaido.
The city of Rome entered into a twenty five-year conflict with the Greek city of Tarentum in southern Italy. Romans unlike the Greeks did not see women as intrinsically hostile to the aims of civilized political life. Roman women could inherit and acquire real property. Roman marriage is a form of exchange between families whereas Greek marriage is considered a purchase of property that could be sold, killed or otherwise disposed of. We need to understand that the Roman Goddess Venus is the Mother of the Human Race, delight of men and gods, a sunlit, joyous and life giving deity.
The Celtic Empire is at its peak of military power. They believe that all things belong to the brave. They would conquer and plunder but had no desire to dominate, enslave and rule for continuous plunder. The Celts are rural farmers who organized into small villages with greater alliances rather than the consolidation of power into a city-states. The Romans recorded that the Celts are exporting wheat and leather in trade. The Romans adopted chain-mail armor from the Celts. The Romans had a belief in conquest and continuous plunder. They imposed urbanization so that the people can be better controlled.
The Yayoi culture existed in Japan from 300 B.C to 400 A.D.
The Parthians were a nomadic people who arrived in West Asia from the north about this time. These Persian (Iranian) arrived while the region was controlled by Greek Seleucids.
During the period 300BC-68BC:    The Dead Sea Scrolls of Qumran, Jordan, date to this period. The scrolls are usually identified with the Jewish-monkish cult, the Essenes, know for their pathological aversion to stool. Rachel Elior theorized that the Essenes, did not exist. She suggested they were really the renegade sons of Zadok, a priestly caste banished from the Temple of Jerusalem by intriguing Greek rulers in 2nd century BC. When they left, they took the source of their wisdom - their scrolls - with them.
The Dead Sea Scrolls dating to this period were discovered by Bedouin at the caves of Qumran in Jordan around 1947. The scrolls predated the Christian gospels, but contained many similarities. They also contained some differences from the traditional (Masoretic) text of the Hebrew Bible. From 1978-1998 over 6,000 books were written about the scrolls. The discovery date was later contested as were many of the historic circumstances surrounding the scrolls.

290 B.C.
Celtic Druidism likely predates this period but is a form of Knighthood that excludes military service and taxation but includes education in metaphysics, theology and general education. This education lasted about twenty years and Druids are considered as lawyers and judges.
280 B.C.
Pharos Lighthouse, Alexandria, Egypt is constructed and is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
279 B.C.
A 30,000 Celt army crossed the Alps from southern Gaul sweeping through northern Italy, Yugoslavia, and Albania into Greece sacking Delphi. The Celts as a culture are primarily farmers but built the first road system in Europe to facilitate trade.
The Celt are amused that the barbaric Greeks are making gifts to their gods as all civilized people knew that God had no need of gifts when he showered them so liberally on men. They are also amused to see the naive Greek depicting the divine in human form and creating images in bronze and marble. It is noteworthy that the Celt is immensely tall and well built compared to the puny Greek of this time adding more irony to this opinion. The women-warriors of the Celt with their fierce, strident-voiced Amazon appearance added to this irony. The Greeks at this time considered the Celts in the same nation class as the Persians and Scythians. The Celt displaced the Latin-Etruscan of northern Italy replacing them with the cities of Turin, Milan and Bergamo.
The Pharos at Alexandria was constructed. The lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, was toppled by an earthquake in 1303AD. It was rediscovered by archeologists in the waters off Alexandria in 1996.
274 B.C.
Northern Italy, the valley of Po, is controlled by the Celts (Gauls).
273 B.C.
A man and woman in China of the same clan-name could marry each other but they could not if they were the same surname.
252 B.C.
The Seleucus Dynasty lost Pergamum (Turkey) to local revolts resulting in their independence.
250 B.C.
The Parthians, a branch of Scythian from Turkestan, settled in Northern Iran breaking the area from the Seleucus Greek Dynasty.
It is suggested through carbon dating that the Dead Sea Scroll documents date from this time until 66 A.D. This doesn't suggest it is written by the Essenes. They likely collect early copies and produced later copies.
Lee Bing a revered official is credited with establishing the first well that was drilled for salt in Sischuan, China. Methane gas is also produced and captured as fuel.
247 B.C.
The Parthians defeat the Greek Seleucids, and Arsaces I and settle east of the Caspian Sea.
Qin Shi Huang aka Yine Zheug (247-221 B.C.) was the king of the state of Qin officially under the Zhou Dynasty and later the first Emperor (221-210 B.C.) of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.) He is known for introducing legalism, unifying China, building the great wall of China, a city size mausoleum, a terracotta army and a massive road system, at the expense of numerous human lives. To ensure stability, he outlawed Confucianism (551-479) and buried many of its scholars alive, banning and burning all books other than those officially decreed.
241 B.C.
The Romans with the support of the Sicialian Greeks invaded Sicily and acquired their first Province outside Italy. They also seized Corsica and Sardinia.
238 B.C.
Arsaces I was the first kin of a Caspian steppe tribe called the Parni. He overthrew the Greek Seleucid governor of Parthia this year and founded the kingdom of Partha. He reigned for 36 years (247 B.C. - 211 B.C.).
232 B.C.
The Desi, Celtic people from southern Ireland and the Pict of Caledonia (Scotland) are very efficient at sea and made many trips to Thule (Iceland) and possibly beyond. A 20,000 man Celt army had ravaged and held Western Asia Minor for the past 46 years.
230 B.C.
From the East, the Bastarnae and Skiri moved to the Black Sea to be followed later by the Cimbri, Teutones and Ambrones.
225 B.C.
The Bactria (Afghanistan) broke from the Seleucus Greek Dynasty.
224 B.C.
An earthquake toppled the one hundred feet high bronze statue of the Greek God Apollo that stood at the entrance to the island of Rhodes. All efforts to restore the statue to an upright position failed.
221 B.C.
Qin Shi Huangdi (259-210 B.C.) alias Ying Zheng, declared himself Emperor of China (221-210 B.C.) after defeating six warring states and unifying China. Qin Shi Huangdi (meaning First Emperor from the state of Qin) The Ch'in dynasty 221-206 B.C. (others suggest 221-207 B.C.) is short lived but it organized a strong central government, standard weights, measures, laws and language and extended political control into south Manchuria and the central section of south China as far as the present Canton. He built the Terra-cotta army consisting of some 7,000 statues. He also combined and strengthened various early walls, began in 700 B.C., to form the Great Wall, to shield China from the Hsiung Nu, or Huns. The Great Wall was expanded during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Most important the Chinese culture had developed the ability to assimilate conquerors and the conquered into its own traditions. There are also numerous references to maps and their uses. In contrast the Romans built their Empire on the groaning backs of slaves that would collapse when attacked by the Nomads. Qin Shi Huang was a cruel ruler, burned all books from previous regimes and banned any discussions of the past.
The word "China" may derive from Qin (pronounced "chin"), a state near the western frontier. In 221 B.C. the king of Qin united squabbling, disparate kingdoms to create China's first centralized government. The empire he established was consolidated during the ensuing Han dynasty and lasted until 1911.
During the Qin Shi Huangdi (259-210 B.C.) reign, surnames slowly became common among the lower classes. Prior to this time, surnames were restricted to royal family members or high ranking officials.
The territory of Hong Kong was incorporated into China during the Qin Dynasty (221-210)
220 B.C.
The Chinese are sailing the Indian Ocean in exploration and trade.
219 B.C.
The Romans pushed the Gaul out of northern Italy. Hannibal begins to mobilize in Cartage, Tunnas in North Africa.
At Phanagoria, Greece on the Black Sea was the home of Mithradates VI the King of Pontus (119-63 B.C.) the most powerful king in Asia Minor. He was called Rome's greatest enemy. he fought three wars against the Roman republic.
218 B.C.
Great wall of China is started as an attempt to keep the northern people out of China. Hannibal's surprise attack, crossing the Pyrenees and Alps with 50,000 men, 9,000 cavalry and 37 war-elephants are frustrated when the Celts slashed their numbers to 26,000 stalling their plans. Rome declared war on the advancing Hannibal army.
217 B.C.
North Africa is rocked by an earthquake demolishing one hundred cities and killing more than fifty thousand people.
216 B.C.
The battle of Cannae saw the Roman army of 86,000 cut to 36,000 by the Carthaginian cavalry under direction of Hannibal. Some claim the Romans lost between fifty and seventy thousand men and Hannibal lost six thousand.
213 B.C.
The first Emperor Ch'in Shih Huang Ti (259-210 B.C.) of the Ts'in Dynasty of China ordered the burning of all books and the extermination of all intellectuals who preached the philosophies of the past. The works of Confucius (K'ung Fu Tzu) (551-479 B.C.) and Mencius Mengtzu (327-289 B.C.) that are specifically targeted. The instigator of these repressive actions is the Grand Councilor Li Ssu. This action is to abolish all knowledge of the past to establish the Ts'in Dynasty as the first Dynasty of China. Years after Ch'in Shih Haung Ti is known as he who burned the books and buried the scholars. It is from Ch'in that the name of China derived. It is noteworthy that he abolished the ritual sacrifice of bodyguards along with their dead masters.
211 B.C.
Arsaces II (211-191 B.C.) of Parthia was forced to submit to the rule of the Greek Seleucid Emperor Antiochus III.
210 B.C.
Ch'in Shih Huang Ti (221-210) the paranoid Emperor of China died and court intrigue headed by Li Ssu raised his inept son Hu Hai to power. China would be driven into famine, despair, murder and rebellion.  Some suggest the 2nd Emperor of China is Qin Er Shi (210 to 207 B.C. the son of the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty. Under the advice of the chief eunuch Zhao Gao and prime minister Li Si, he forged a fake decree of his father, which ordered his brother, the heir Fusu, which by the time served general Meng Tian, to commit suicide and appointed himself to be the heir. He acted like a puppet Emperor.
Greater Greece (Southern Italy) is overwhelmed by the Roman army.
209 B.C.
The Greek Seleucid King Antiochus IIIthe Great invades Parthia and takes the capital Hecatompylos.
The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC to 93 AD) in southern Italy with DNA studies suggest its occupants had European and Western Asians genes. It appears a linguistically and ethnically diverse culture. One grave site was of an east Asian descent.
206 B.C.
The Western Han Dynasty of China covered the period 206 B.C. to 9 A.D. Emperor Gaodi ruled Western China (206-195 B.C.)
202 B.C.
A soldier, Liu Pang (Bang) began the Han dynasty that lasted for four hundred years (202 B.C.-9 A.D. & 25-220 A.D.). The Emperor said "at last the whole world is mine" This dynasty brought unity of speech, custom and ethnic character. The Emperor became head of the paternal as well as political sense. Confucius teaching of loyalty is widespread as a doctrine. A legitimate heir is the right, is moral is sanctioned by heaven and his opponents are evil, ambitious, depraved and cast out by heaven. Some believe the Turkestan trading routes linking East and West is established about this time.
200 B.C.
The Dead Sea Scrolls (850 scrolls) are begun by a Jewish Sect called the Essenes who lived 200 B.C. to 70 A.D. around Qumran near the Dead Sea. Some believe this Jewish Sect eventually evolved into some of the early Christians. Judaism and Christianity are largely indistinguishable during the first century after the death of Jesus Christ. One Dead Sea Scroll that carbon dates to this period is a copy of the Book of Isaiah. Only thirteen minor variations can be found in the modern versions. This doesn't imply that only minor variations exist to the 400-350 B.C. original many separate sources. Among the texts are parts of every book of the Hebrew Canon, what Christians call the Old Testament, except the book of Esther. They were written on animal skins, papyrus and forged copper. The Essenes were known to devote their lives in writing and preserving sacred text. Some dispute the Essene connection. Some believe some text dates to 300 B.C. before the Essenes. A few scrolls are written in Greek rather than prosaic a form of Aramaic or Hebrew. One scroll mentions a messianic figure who is called the "Son of God" and the "Son of the Most High", this was written during the time of Jesus.. Flavious Josephus mentions both the Essenes and Jesus.
The Essene sect differed from the later Rabbinical Juda Sect in that they followed a solar based calendar (364 days) whereas the House of Judah adopted a Lunisolar calendar (354 days). It would appear the Judah Sect adopted a much earlier Pharisaic Lunar-oriented calendar and the Essene adopted the Egyptian calendar from 4,241 B.C. It is noteworthy that the Judah Sect didn't adopt the Solar calendar until the end of the fourth century AD. The advantage of the solar system is that festivals can be fixed and not conflict with a Sabbath. The Essene maintained both calendars to point out errors in the inaccurate Judah calendar.
A Greek Hercules cult believed he is the Son of God born of an earthly woman and ascended into heaven. Some believe the Roman Church incorporated this Greek tradition into the Catholic tradition to attract converts.
The Celtic Empire at this time is building forts on ramped hills that contain 2,000 square foot structures. These buildings are used to store grain, conduct celebrations and for collective defense if required.
It is believed the Polynesians reached Marquesas about this time
198 B.C.
It is noteworthy the there are no revolts by the people of Jewish tradition who have been dominated for the past 340 years.
Judaea a small protectorate of the Ptolemies of Egypt is annexed to the Syrian Seleucid Empire by Antiochus III this year. Antiochus III by edict strengthened the high priest powers and made the Torah commandments the official law. This resulted in a class of Jews inclined toward Hellenism.
197 B.C.
The Romans defeated the Macedonian King at Cynocephalae (Greece).
195 B.C.
Emperor Huidi ruled Western China (195-188 B.C.)
191 B.C.
Phriapatius (191-176 B.C.) regained Parthian independence from the Greek Seleucids and began to expand the kingdom.
199 B.C.
Lu Hou was regent of Western China (188-180 B.C.)
186 B.C.
The Romans gathered up 7,000 Etruscan sect members and executed their leaders.
185 B.C.
In Spain, Roman expansion met with resistance from Iberian Basque Celts.
180 B.C.
Emperor Wendi ruled Western China (180-157 B.C.)
175 B.C.
Jason (175-171 B.C.) the high priest of Jerusalem influenced his countrymen to accept Hellenistic ways of life. He gave permission to have Antiochus IV the privilege of authorizing the appointment of future high priests.
171 B.C.
The Ptolemies of Egypt attempted to retake Judaea and Coele-Syria but Antiochus Epiphanes IV (175-163 B.C.) of Syria counterattacked taking the capital of Egypt Memphis and Ptolemy VI. Antiochus Epiphanes captured Jerusalem and slew a great multitude of those who favored Ptolemy of Egypt. He held Jerusalem for three years and six months when he is driven out by the Hasmoneans. Onias the high priest fled to Ptolemy. Antiochus abolished the laws of the country. Antiochus IV became angry with the High Priest Jason and gave the priesthood to Menelaus who ruled by terror after civil war broke out between different factions of the priesthood.
Mithradates I (171-138 B.C.) was the greatest Parthian king; he turned his kingdom into a major power. A large part of Parthia's wealth came from its control of the Silk Road, an ancient trading route to China. The Silk Road was more common 600-1200 A.D. but few if any actually traveled the full route. Most traders only traveled from city to city.
168 B.C.
Matthias a priest from Modin the son of Asamoneus raised an army and drove the generals of Antiochus Epiphanes IV (175-163 B.C.) out of Judaea. Upon his death his son Judas assumed command of Judaea.
167 B.C.
It is noteworthy the there is only one revolt by the people of Jewish tradition during their domination under the Greco-Syrian Empire (198-167 B.C.). This is in contrast to the three revolts under Roman occupation.
This year 150,000 Epirotes are taken to Rome and sold as slaves.
166 B.C.
Some believe one cause of the Maccabean rebellion was the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV, built a gymnasium, a place for exercise in the nude. The Jews were deeply shocked at the sight of open nudity.
165 B.C.
Judas the son of Matthias commanded Judea and made a league of friendship with the Romans. He then repelled a second expedition of Antiochus Epiphanes IV (175-163 B.C.) of Syria into Judea.
164 B.C.
Roman soldiers returning from the eastern Mediterranean brought smallpox to Rome, spreading out throughout Europe and Persia, killing unknown thousands over the next ten years.
163 B.C.
Antiochus Epiphanes IV (175-163 B.C.) of Syria died being replaced by his son Antiochus Eleazar V who marched on Judaea taking Jererusalem. Judea is killed in battle and his brother Jonathan succeeded him. Jonathan is killed and the Jewish leadership in Judaea passed to his brother Simeon.
160 B.C.
The House of Zadok from Solomon's reign (1056-977 B.C.) to date held the position of High Priest. As there is only one God so there is only one Temple and one High Priest. The Jewish dynasty of the Hasmoneans restored national control they assumed the High Priest-hood and excluded the Zadokite lineage. The House of Zadokite withdrew on protest to Qumran and joined the Essene Sect. After this date the High Priest of Jerusalem are chosen from four main families. According to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) Jacimus (160-157 B.C.) became the high priest of Jerusalem this year.
A Jewish settlement is located in Rome (Italy) this year and remained occupied to modern times. It is noteworthy that the Jews built catacombs beneath Rome. Some say to avoid persecution. Like the Christian catacombs, the walls are covered with graffiti.
157 B.C.
Emperor Jingi ruled Western China (157-141 B.C.)
According to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) no high priest ruled Jerusalem (157-150).
154 B.C.
Iberian Basque Celts revolted against Roman rule.
150 B.C.
About 165-150 B.C. the Book of Daniel is written as is the present form of Book of Psalms. According to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) Jonathan (150-143 B.C.) became the high priest of Jerusalem this year.
143 B.C.
King Demetrius of Syria confirmed Simon (143-135 B.C.) as high priest the son of Judea, military and civil governor of Judaea. He called a Great Assembly of priests to declare the Simon's office a hereditary position thereby establishing the Hasmonean dynasty (a monarchy).
141 B.C.
Emperor Zhaodi ruled Western China (141-87 B.C.)
140 B.C.
The sacred books of Ancient Egypt are copied (140-124 B.C.) to the House of Life (temple or library). Some of the Books are the temple inventory, the threatening, plan of the temple, guardians of the temple, protection of the body, protection of the King, averting the evil eye, knowledge of the recurrence of the two stars and the control over the recurrence stars.
139 B.C.
Parthian King Mithridates I (171-138 B.C.) captures the Greek Seleucid king and holds him captive for ten years. Parthia takes Mesopotamia and Media.
138 B.C.
China's Emperor Wu Ti sends an expedition to the West and Southwest to gather information concerning the peoples of these regions. Chang Chien spends 12 years gathering information on the Western peoples. The object is trade rather than conquest.
136 B.C.
The First Slave War (136-132) the Syrian Eunus brought the slaves of Sicily together and led them against Rome. At times there are 200,000 slaves in revolt and when defeated 20,000 slaves are crucified. A second Sicilian slave war of 101 B.C. is put down with the same barbaric severity.
135 B.C.
According to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) Hyrcanus I (135-104 B.C.) became the high priest of Jerusalem this year.
In Sicily 6,000 slaves of Syrian origin rebelled because of brutal treatment by the Romans.
134 B.C.
The Hasmonaean dynasty reigned over Judaea and some contend their persecution of the 'Doers of the Law' resulted in the creation of the Essene Sect.
129 B.C.
Turkey is named the Province of Asia by the Romans having been bequeathed it by the Pergamum King Attalus I a few years earlier.
126 B.C.
Artabanus II (128-124 B.C.) reasserted his authority over Iran and would remain in Parthian hands, except for two brief period of Roman occupation. until 227 A.D.
125 B.C.
The Psalms of King Solomon (1056-977 B.C.) a minor tribal warlord are written about this time.
123 B.C.
Mithradates II (123-88 B.C.) was the second most powerful Parthian king, who consolidated the empire. Parthia included moderan day Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf, the coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and U.A.E. Parthia was a superpower of its time second only to Rome.
120 B.C.
The second book of Maccabees is written about this time.
115 B.C.
China to clear the Turkestan trade routes to the West drives the Hsiungnu Tartars from the corridor to north of the Gobi Desert. Chang Chien the commander in chief of all the Western Religions established garrisons at Kashgar, Khotan, Kucha and Karashar securing the western trade routes to the Middle East. These trade routes are known to be in use over the next four hundred years. Control of the Kingdom of Saba (Yeman) passed into the hands of the Himyarite Arabic (Semitic)s.
113 B.C.
The Cimbri a Celtic or Germanic people originally located east of the Rhine moved to the Alpine regions and across the Rhone ravaged Gaul defeating two Roman armies at Arausio, on the Rhone. The Cimbri later merged with the Germanic-Teutones and other peoples against the Romans.
106 B.C.
The Gaul attacked Rome, it is called the second Celtic Storm, and the Gaul is annihilated a few years later.
104 B.C.
According to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) Aristobulus I (104-104) became the high priest of Jerusalem this year.
In Sicily 30,000 slaves rebelled and it took 17,000 Roman Legionnaires two years to put them down. It is noteworthy that Rome like Greece before it institutionalized slavery and their culture was built on the labor of slavery.
Roman law concluded that any child born of a slave became a slave regardless of the status of the father. The child therefore is of the mother, this would appear to be one of the last traces of maternalism in this culture. The Romans deliberately encouraged slave breading for the value of future slaves. Females slaves were regarded no more than breeding cattle for their property value.
103 B.C.
According to the Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 B.C.) became king and the high priest of Jerusalem this year.