http://www.telusplanet.net/dgarneau/euro17.htm
1,615 B.C.
Pharaoh Tuthmosis III (Thutmose)conventional (1483-1450) (1490-1436 B.C.) (1504-1450 B.C.) or (1657-1603 B.C.) or Pellegrino theory (1630/1628-1610 B.C.) Dynasty 18 assembled an army to proceed to the land of Djahi (Palestine-Syria) to kill the treacherous ones and to reward those loyal to Egypt. Djahi consisted of over 330 independent kingdoms each with their own army. Egypt claimed to capture one thousand chariots. The Pharaoh spared the city of Megiddo on their word of fidelity toward Egypt creating a long time ally. As a result of this campaign tribute flowed from Assyria (asshur), the Hittites and Babylon to Egypt.
1,612 B.C.
The Biblical mythical Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) is alleged born in Egypt son Amram (lived 137 years) son Levi (lived 137 years). His birth date is likely later? He is believed to be an Egyptian named Osarseph according to Manetho and is educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians. It is said he seized power from the pharaoh, with the aid of Canaanite allies, he imposed a reign of terror over the country, destroying temples, desecrating its sacred icons and despoiling the land. This sounds like confusion between Pharoah Akhenaten and Moses.
1,610 B.C.
Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III (Thutmose)of Dynasty 18 began destroying all records of Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut (1657-1630 B.C.). This action is likely because the Queen stole his birth right in 1655. Tuthmosis III began purging any reference to the Queen Pharaoh about twenty years after her death. Why he waited for twenty years is likely to avoid an uprising by her followers. He likely felt secure after his numerous military accomplishments. King Tuthmosis III (1645-1612 B.C.) or (1628-1610 B.C.) Dynasty 18 the stepson and successor of Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut (1657-1636 B.C.) (1490-1469 B.C.) (1505-1483 B.C.) or (1486-1468) (some exclude her from the pharaoh list) of Dynasty 18 reign, never accepted the concept of a woman God-King and engineered her murder. He desecrated her burial sarcophagus in an attempt to prevent her resurrection in the after life. The Egyptians believed that on Judgment Day one is selected to be reborn as the Christ meaning the Anointed One, to lead the souls of the people to Paradise. Later Christian writers would copy this Egyptian philosophy into their Bible.
1,603 B.C.
Egypt has an extensive Empire; millions of subjects paid tribute and honor to Egypt. When King Tuthmosis III died, the Asiatic city-states and their allies attempted to throw off the Egyptian yoke.
King Amenhotep, Amenophis or Amunhotpe II (Akheprure)(1603-1577 B.C.) (1450-1425 B.C.) or (1438-1412 B.C.) (1427-1401 B.C.) dynasty 18 is ruler of Egypt. The pharaoh conducted annual campaigns in Syria and Palestine. He marched to the Euphrates River where his father and grand father had erected stelae to commemorate their victories. He records returning with 71,000 prisoners of war with Syria. Some captives are from Byblos, Babylon, Alalakh, northern Syria and Arapkha. Pharaoh Amunhotep II (1603-1577 B.C.) (1439-1426) records that he brought back 90,000 captives and 127 Asiatic Princes to Egypt. The Princes are trained in Egypt and eventually returned to Syria or Palestine as rulers loyal to Egypt. At this time the Bedouin number 15,000, Djahi (Palestine-Syria) settlers 36,000, North Syria 15,000 and the Apiru (Semitic) or (Transjordan) 3,600. The Semitic speaking Canaanites are known to be employed by the Egyptians in the Sinai Mines (turquoise and copper) at Serabit el Khadem, Sinai.
1,600 B.C.
Mursilis I (1620-1590 B.C.) the Hittite is believed to have captured Babylon 1,600 or 1770 or others suggest 1595. They took the plunder and prisoners to Hattusas and abandoned Babylon. The three hundred-year Empire of Hammurabi is terminated with the death of Samsu-ditana (1625-1595) or Pellegrino theory (1800-1770). The Kassite Kings would govern Mesopotamia for the next four hundred years (1595-1157). Babylon would live in relative peace from 1600 to 1350 B.C.
The Sea People from Crete with a veneer of Aegean (Minoan) are believed to represent the earliest known Philistines. The Semitic-Hebrews would later depict the Philistines as being uncivilized brutes deserving of utter extermination. This could be an exaggeration to counter the Roman historian’s belief that the Hebrew is Philistine descendents. The Egyptians however later considered the Minoan-Philistines as the only civilized peoples in the Region and considered the later Semitic-Hebrews as barbarians. The Minoan-Philistines had a military prowess, sophisticated technology and a rich cultural heritage that included writing (a Minoan Linear A script).
At the major port city of Ashkelon is found a silver coated bronze figurine of a bull calf (Baal) the Canaanite storm god. The calf encased in a shrine is believed for travelers to beg for the storm's god protection and to give thanks for safe arrival. Many believe the Israelites are a breakaway clan of the Canaanites.
Some conservative historians believe the Celt originated about this time being a cross between the Beaker Folk from Spain and the Battle-Axe people from the East. Clear beginnings and endings of cultural traditions are probably not reflected in reality. Traditions go underground only to surface in different forms maybe decades or centuries later. The Galatian referred to in the Bible is believed to be linguistically related to the Celtic peoples. The Celts are believed to be the first people who modeled God in the image of man. It is also noteworthy that the Celts of Northern Europe practiced human sacrifice by placing the live person in a wicker basket and then set it on fire.
The Mittelberg Hill above the village of Wangen, in the Unstrut Valley, near Nebra in central Germany was a major trading center during the Bronze Age (2,500-1,500 B.C.). A Sun Disk used to chart the night sky was discovered this location. This location has been occupied since 440,000 B.C.
The city of Ao (Zhengzhou) built about this time had an earthen wall 33 feet high enclosing 2 square miles. One estimate calculates 10,000 workers laboring 330 days a year for 18 years would be required to build the wall. One bronze factory outside the wall covered more than an acre. Some suggest this is the year of the plagues and the Exodus from Egypt and may represent one of several migrations or expulsions from Egypt.
The Delphi temple is created about this time at Delphi, Greece. Delphi specialized in female oracles that provided prophecies for a price. The Delphi temple lasted until about 500 B.C.
Hurrian pottery dominated northern Syria, northern Iraq and Jazirah (Mitanni).
It is believed the Shang dynasty of China started 1,600 B.C. and lasted to 1,050 B.C. One scholar has calculated that the Shang sacrificed more than 13,000 humans in the last 250 years of their rule. Some historians suggest the Shang dynasty was based on slavery but the writings of the time make no mention of slavery. The Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1050 B.C.), whose kings ruled over much of northern China from their capitals at Zhengzhou and Anyang on the Yellow River. The Shang Dynasty ruled the northwestern region of the area known as China Proper or Inner China, in the Yellow River Valley. This region was mostly composed of Han Chinese, an ethnic group who were expansionists. The first King Tang of Shane (1675-1646 B.C.) defeated King Jie of the Xia Dynasty this year. He was followed by King Da Ding
A colossal volcanic eruption on the island of Thera, (1620) about 70 miles north of Crete, turning daylight into pitch-darkness over much of the Mediterranean. It was estimated to have been 10 (4) times as powerful as the 1883 eruption of Krakatau, Indonesaia. A prosperous Minoan town on Tera had a two story dwelling fully buried in ash.
1,598 B.C.
The Egyptian Dynasties 15 & 16 (ca. 1674-1558 B.C.) lists two main Hyksos Kings: King Aauserre Apopi (1598-1558 B.C.) who ruled for forty years. During his reign the resurgent power of Thebes began to force the Hyksos to retreat from their Egyptian domain. (likely 1725)?
The Minoan-Philistines had trading centers in Egypt and on the Sea of Galilee and the Biblical General Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) exodus story may have originated from the Thera volcanic stories. Exodus 19;16-20 on the Sinai Peninsula where no volcanoes exist and a tsunami is unlikely to have reached the Red Sea; there is thundering and lightning and a thick cloud upon the mountain, exceeding loud and the mount smoked in every part and the smoke of it ascended like the smoke of a furnace and the whole mountain quaked violently. The pillar of cloud, walls of water sound like volcanic upheaval and accurate description of the resulting tsunamis that radiated out from Thera. Biblical General Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) said a fine dust spread over the whole land of Egypt. A report in 1883 of the Krakatoa explosion and resulting tsunami that struck Java; "far out to seaward a piled-up wall of water, standing like a high column and coming in upon the shore with inconceivable swiftness".
1,595 B.C.
A Hittite army puts an end to Babylon's dynasty (1894-1595 B.C.).
1,593 B.C.
(6th) King Xiao Jia of the Shang Dynasty of China ruled 17 years (1,595- 1,576 B.C.)
1,588 B.C.
Reign King Kamose (Wadjkheperre) (15) (ca. 1588-1558 B.C.) (1555-1550 B.C.) Dynasty 17 of Egypt. Kamose announced his dissatisfaction with the division of Egypt, the Asiatic in the north and the Nubian in the south. Kamose moves north with his Theban troops and Nubian mercenaries to overthrow Neferusy. He lay siege to the Hyksos residence at Avaris. Avaris (later named Raamses) did not fall nor are the Hyksos expelled. (likely pre 1725)
1,577 B.C.
Pharaoh Tuthmosis, Thutmose IV (Menkheprure) (1425/1401-1417/1391) or Pellegrino theory (1577-1567 B.C.) Dynasty 18 entered into peace treaty between Egypt and Mitanni. He cleared the Great Sphinx at Gaza from the sands after having a dream. The Sun God Re promised him the kingship if he cleared the Sphinx.
1,575 B.C.
(7th) King Tai Wu or Wai of the Shang Dynasty of China ruled 75 years (1,575- 1,500 B.C.)
1,570 B.C.
The Kassite, Agum II Kakrime King of Babylon restored the town of Babylon and began the Kassite Dynasty (1570-1157 B.C.).
1,567 B.C.
The reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep or Amunhotpe III (Nebmaatre) (1575-1550 B.C.) or (1567-1502 B.C.) (1391-1353 B.C.)(also known as Amenhotep IV) a heretic co-regent of Dynasty 18. He married Queen Ahhotep II daughter King Ahmose I and Queen Ahmose Nefertari.
Amenophis (Amunhotpe) III (1567-1502 B.C.) (1417-1379 B.C.), (1402-1363 B.C.) or (1548-1510 B.C.) Pharaoh of Egypt married Tadu-Hepa daughter King Tushratta of the Hurri-Mitannian Kingdom of Syria. The Kassite Kadashman-Enlil I sent his sister and his daughter to Amenophis (Amunhotpe) III for his harem and in return received a large quantity of gold.
The Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III (Nebmaatre) (1567/1548-1510/1502 B.C.) (1417/1391-1379/1353 B.C.), son Tuthmosis IV and Queen Mutemwiya; married a commoner named Queen Tiy a Hurrian. He acquired the rule of Egypt's Middle East Empire that included Egypt, Syria, Palestine and the Phoenician coast to the Euphrates River. He secured his Empire through marriage (two Mitanni princesses and one from Babylon) to Hurri-Mitanni Shutarna's daughter Kilu-Hepa. The Hittites of the North are again threatening the Empire. Some consider this the height of the Egyptian Empire with extreme luxury in the royal court before its decline and fall.
1,564 B.C.
Some suggest this is the year the Egyptians defeated the Hyksos. Josephus the Jewish historian believes the Hyksos are the ancestors of the Israelites.
1,550 B.C.
The Hittites, Canaanites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites who live on the coastal region of the Great Sea enter into an alliance to fight against the interior tribes. Many of these same tribes also occupy some of the land in the interior. The tribes of the interior at this time are relative peaceful nomads living in tents. There is no indication that a Hebrew culture existed at this time.
The Harappa (Indus) culture is destroyed by the Aryans that plunged the Indus valley into a dark age. Others suggest its destruction occurred at an earlier date (1750 B.C.) at the hands of Chalcolithic tribes of central and southern India.
1,546 B.C.
A powerful earthquake collapsed the walls of Jericho and the town is abandoned for a number of centuries. Some contend the earthquake may have occurred between 1540 and 1450 B.C. to fit with the mythical Joshua. Some contend this is the time of a biblical Joshua (1492-1467 B.C.) when he arrived with his barbarian hordes from the desert east of the Dead Sea. Others contend Jericho is taken after a major earthquake likely 1546 or 1267. The Rohl theory supports a later destruction of Jericho likely the 1267 date. Other Archaeological evidence suggests Jericho is destroyed about 1400 B.C. No evidence supports a Biblical Joshua (1492-1467 B.C.) who brought a wave of destruction on city after city. Some contend Joshua is likely a local hero who captured one or two small towns and became a legend much larger than life. The reality is that Jericho was not a walled city when Joshua is said to have destroyed it. This legend likely represents a minor peasant revolt that is glorified.
1,532 B.C. 1,530 B.C.
The Biblical Joshua (1550-1480 B.C.) or (1250-1225) (born 1590 died age 110 years) is claimed by some to be born about this time during the alleged 40 years in the desert. Some of these dating's are obviously in error, as the Joshua reign is positioned 1492-1467 B.C.
1,525 B.C.
The Ebers Papyrus, a medical text, measuring 65 feet, with 108 pages is believed created about this time. The shear size of the 900 diagnoses and prescriptions suggests it is compiled over a long period of time.
1,520 B.C.
The Sumerian God Ninurta son Enlil & Ninlil became warrior God-King of Syria. The Anatolia (Greek) called him Ninus, founder of Nineveh, conqueror of all Babylonia. The bible called him Nimrod.
1,503 B.C.
Pharaoh Hatshepsut ruled Egypt (1503-1482 B.C.). She was regent for her step son Tuthmosis III because he was too young but after 7 years she put him aside a proclaimed herself pharaoh of Egypt.
1,502 B.C.
The Thera volcanic fallout of 1628 B.C. dates King Amenhotep, Amenophis IV (Akhenaten & Amunhotpe) (1379/1353-1362/1335) to Pellegrino theory (1502-1486 B.C.) as ruler of Egypt. The Pharoah (King) triggered a civil war in Egypt that ended in his assassination and the ascendancy of the child-king Tutankhamun (1484-1475 B.C.) (1361-1348 B.C.) (1347-1338 B.C.) of the Dynasty 18. Egyptian tradition has Amenophis IV (Akhenaten & Amunhotpe) (1363-1347 B.C.) (1379-1362) to Pellegrino theory (1502-1486 B.C.) like General Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) and the earlier Sargon the Great of Babylon being set adrift in a reed basket. All three myths are likely based on the Sumerian tradition.
Within a couple of years after Akhenaten took the throne the Great Egyptian Empire fell into disarray. Suppiluliumas the Hittite king noting the falling out between Akhenaten and Tushratta king of Mittani immediately conquered Mittani. He then swept west conquering the cities formally allied with Mittani. He was careful not to intrude on Egyptian territory of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. Akhenaten ignored repeated requests from his allies for military aid.
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