1,500 B.C.
The Aryan (Arya) hordes who used the chariot, are militarily more aggressive than the native inhabitants, the Dravidian of the Ganges Valley of India. The Aryan displaced the Great Mother Goddess, the Earth Mother concepts forcing them into southern India. The Dravidian retained their Great Mother beliefs through the worship of the Cow. Earth as the Great Mother is a concept held throughout many parts of the world. The Aryans also established the cast system in an attempt to maintain their cultural integrity, superiority and control over the people. The Indo-Iranian migration to the Iranian plateau is believed to have begun about this time. To the north of the Iranian plateau are found the descendents of the Cimmerian people, the Scythian, Sarmatian and Alan tribes. The Scythian Empire would survive beyond 400 B.C. to become the Germanic, and Slavic (Goth) peoples. To the east the Sogdian, Saka and Parthian tribes. In the west the Mede and Persians. They all believed in one supreme being God (Ahura Mazda later Ohrmazd). The wives of the Syrians who go out into the streets must veil themselves so as not to tempt the male. The reality of the practice is to increase male domination of the women. Nearly 25 percent of Middle East Law is concerned with the controlling of women. Some believe the subjugation of women is to ensure their fidelity and protect their male dependency. Others suggest this paranoia is based upon deep-rooted fears of inadequacy as men lose their historic hunting and migration freedom to a system of absolute Religious and Kingship form of rule. If the King and Temple priest can lord it over the common folk then man falls back to lording it over woman.
It is noteworthy that the Celtic tradition contains no hint of subjugation of women. Celtic relics however suggest parallels with Indian, Iranian, Greek, Roman, German and Hittite contexts. Some suggest the Celtic migration predates the more general Indo-European migration. Celtic tradition however suggests the Scythian are their neighbors and taught them how to dye and weave wool in tartan patterns. Their horse lore likely originated from the Scythians. Herodotus (480-430 B.C.) the Greek historian says the Scythians are given to decapitating and scalping enemies. This scalping rituals would eventually be carried into the Americas. He also believes that Greek religion originated in Egypt and thereby spread throughout Europe. The Egyptians keep the ancestral laws and add none other. They avoid the use of Greek customs, and generally speaking the customs of all other men. The Egyptians maintain they themselves are the holy men and wise and that it was they who decreed the sacrifices and rites of initiation that are customary among the Greeks.
The Ugaritic (Semitic-Canaanite) people of Egyptian Palestine held the Indo-Iranian belief of a good and evil God, Ball of fertility and Mot of sterility and death. This belief is fortified by the feast and famine seven-year cycles of the Nile area. This dualistic myth of a good God of light and an evil God of darkness Satan became wide spread in the Semitic world. It would be incorporated into the Jewish and Christian tradition. It is noteworthy that the early people of America held the same good and evil spirit concept but didn't elevate it to a God or Satan level. God is considered as pure goodness, one who would never do evil (punishment) towards man.
Linguistic evidence shows that the Canaanites (now more commonly known as the Phoenicians) were non-Jewish Semites whose language was almost identical with Hebrew.
Ayodhya, India is believed by the Hindu to be the birthplace of their God Rama.
In Egypt the oracle of the God does not appear to have intruded into the rational administration of the Law. The Egyptians are exploring by sailing East across the Arabian Sea to the Island of Socotra. Their sea going vessels required timber from the cedar forests of Lebanon.
A light skinned people called Berber occupy Tunisia in Northern Africa.
The Celts of France are establishing governing states about this time.
The Celtic built Fort Dun Aengus in the Aran Islands of Ireland about this time.
The Anatolia (Greeks) of the mainland seized Cnossos and ruled the Island of Crete.
Lapp art near Tromso, Norway suggests an early association with the reindeer.
The last ruler of the Hsia Dynasty is Chieh who bled the people white and forced them into war. He compared himself to the Sun and the people said "Oh Sun, when will you cease to be? We will perish with you!" Evidence exists in burial sites of decapitation, dismemberment and mutilation of the bodies. Some of the victims had been bound before death. Tang overthrew Chieh ending the Hsia Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty (1500-1000) or (1766-1122) or (1816-1172) depending on the source begins in China.
It is believed the first inhabitants arrived Fiji about this time from Melanesia. Legend suggests Lutunasobasoba was the first Fijian who traveled for months across the Pacific Ocean.
Domesticated dogs companied people to Timor, New Guinea and Australia by about this time. The dogs reverted to a feral existence and in Australia became dingoes
The Polynesians had colonized most of modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia by 1500 B.C
CT scans of 22 mummies suggest many had atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) Eighteen percent also suffered dental problems, including gum disease, tooth decay and abscesses, discovered as a result of testing 3,000 mummies in a separate study.
The great Minoan Culture (3500-1500 B.C.) which sprang up on the isle of Crete in the Agean Sea. A culture of very sophisticated art and Architecture, with vast trading routes. It suddenly disappeared this year including a city of 150,000 people who disappeared with in minutes. An earth quake caused a tsunami over 50 feet tall wiping out the Minoan culture. Others think it was the volcanic eruption of the island of Santorini aka Thera in 1620 B.C. and resulting tsunami.
1,499 B.C.
(8th) King Yong Ji of the Shang Dynasty of China ruled 12 years (1,499- 1,487 B.C.)
1,497 B.C.
The Pharoah (King) Amenophis (Amunhotpe) IV (1379/1353-1362/1335) or (1502-1486 B.C.) is called the mystic pharaoh because he is more interested in a one God concept than in politics. In the fifth year of his reign he sent agents throughout the land to shut down the temples to Amen, chief deity of Thebes celebrated the king of the gods. The agents removed the offensive name from walls, tombs, statues and inscriptions. Until this period of time in Egypt there existed no religious dogma in which belief is compulsory and thus heresy is inconceivable. This likely accounts for the religious tolerance towards the many migrations of foreigners into Egypt. After the fifth year of his reign, the plural form for god no longer appeared in any writing of this time.
Some believe the followers of Pharoah Akhenaten are the beginning of the first Israelites. The Egyptians created the one supreme God concept in the Middle East that the Israelites adopted. He also crated the dogma that bans graven images of god (Re-Herakhte) that the Israelites adopted. He believed that the one who built himself by himself, with his own hands and no craftsman know him therefore cannot understand the true nature of the deity. He is the Heavenly God, the Good God, Divine and Regal. This One God is known by many names, Atum, Ptah, Amen and Re (Ra). Re is originally the name of the noon sun and Atum the evening sun. Over time Atum became Atum-Re and eventually Re-Atum where Re-Herakhte became the invisible source of the sun's creative power, the Lord of the Aten. Akhenaten conceived of himself as the First Prophet and created the position of Chief Seer of Re-Harakhte (Aten cult) ranking just below the First Prophet. It is noteworthy that Akhenaten embraced the very thorough and far-reaching ethical doctrine of the Eighteen Dynasty known as the Negative confessions. This is a series of forty-two principles defying the kind of correct human behavior that would permit you a successful passage into the after life. This codes of conducted was shortened into the Moses Ten Commandments.
Egyptian expressions concerning their one god concept include:
God is One and alone, none other exists with Him; God is the One, the One Who has made all things.
God is from the beginning and He has been from the beginning; He has existed from of old and was when nothing else had been. He existed when nothing else had existed, and what exists He created after He had come into being. He is the Father of beginnings.
God is the eternal One, He is eternal and infinite; and endures forever and aye; He has endured for countless ages, and He shall endure to all eternity.
God is life, and through Him only man lives. He gives life to man, and he breaths the breath of life into his nostrils.
King Amenophis (Amunhotpe) IV Akhenaten (1363-1347 B.C.) (1375-1358) (1379-1362) or the Pellegrino theory (1502-1486 B.C.) tried to unshackle Egyptian religion from mythology through hate and persecution. He attempted to bring focus on one universal God, the sun god Re (Re-Harakhty) the king of the Gods. Akhenaten is believed to be the first Middle East leader to acknowledge a sole omnipotent God who alone created and ruled the world. He described his newly adopted One God as absolutely unique and being located in the heavens. God ruled as King of the Universe, just as the Pharaoh served as King of the Land. He opposed the use of statues to summon forth gods and banned the production of graven images of gods. The high priest of Amon-Re at Thebes opposed this single God of the whole world. This is likely the origin of the Semitic single god concept that replaced their city or tribal God concept. It is noteworthy that the evolution from religious freedom to dogma results in violence and persecution. King Akhenaten attacked the cults of other deities destroying their statues and confiscated their estates and their revenue reverted to the crown.
Egypt is in an internal religious conflict and the new Pharaoh Amenophis IV (Akhenaten & Amunhotpe) (1363-1347 B.C.) (1379-1362) to Pellegrino theory (1502-1486 B.C.) totally ignored his Asian holdings. Encouraged by this disunity the Hittite King Suppituliumas began moving South and annexed all of Syria. An Eastern Prince Labaya joined with the Habiru (Hebrew?) of the desert and began seizing Palestine towns. Abdikhepa of Jerusalem requested fifty soldiers as a gesture of support but the Pharaoh ignores his request. Palestine is essentially lost to Egypt as local rebels and desert nomads overrun the territory. The most noteworthy point is that the Moses Sect has yet to enter Palestine therefore the Hebrew occupation must be by the Israel Sect. However this sect didn't exist at this time.
The Rohl theory suggests the Pharaoh Amenophis IV (Akhenaten & Amunhotpe) (1363-1347 B.C.) (1379-1362) to Pellegrino theory (1502-1486 B.C.) Dynasty 18. It is noteworthy that Akhenaten believed in one God.
The cult of Amen opposed the desire of Pharaoh Akhenaten to establish a One-God religion. The Pharoah this year eliminated all Amen temples and chiseled out hieroglyphs to Amun in temples, tombs, and statuary and forced people with Amun in their names to change them. The worship of the One God (Re-Herakhte) spread unto Syria, Kush and throughout all of Egypt.
1,492 B.C.
The mythical Biblical Joshua likely dates to 1492-1467 B.C. The authors of Joshua claims to have destroyed the city of Ai (about 2400 B.C.) and the city of Jericho (about 1400 B.C.). The Joshua myth is likely a composite of all known traditions of middle east cultures being embellished and claimed to support their own evolving religious beliefs. The Biblical Joshua (1492-1467 B.C.) son Nun could not have conquered Jericho and likely fabricated the story of Jericho based on others folklore.
The Semites of the north continued to worship the Canaan Gods of Baal, Asherah, Anat and the High God El ( God of the Mountain) who is also the God El Shaddai of Abraham. Biblical Joshua (1492-1467) the successor of Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) would attempt to impose the new God Yahweh on the Israelites. Abraham, Isaac (1818-1638 B.C.) and Jacob see their God El as providing friendly advice, guiding their wanderings, advising them who to marry and speaks to them in dreams. Occasionally appearing in human form. The God of Moses is a jealous, war like and angry God who is aloof from the people. Isaac however depicts a Fear God and Jacob a Mighty God displaying a shifting image of God. It is noteworthy that Isaac (1818-1638 B.C.), Joseph, Jacob and Moses are not historically mentioned outside scriptures. They all appear to originate from Egyptian mythology.
1,491 B.C.
The Biblical Moses legend continues to intrigue historians even to the present time. The historians have positioned Moses Exodus as 1679, 1657, 1607 or 1486-1440 B.C. Others suggest that these dating's are likely in error and is most likely positioned 1300-1250 B.C. The reality is that many scholars believe that Moses is a mythical figure. Others suggest he is a composite of many historical characters. Early historians believe Moses is modeled after the Egyptian high priest named Osarseph who organized a rebellion among opposed Egyptians. Other early historians believe that Moses among the Egyptian Hebrews, Solon, Pythagoras and Plato among the Greeks are acknowledged to have sat at the feet of Egyptian priests thereby suggesting a historical person. The Biblical account also acknowledges that Moses the Egyptian is educated in Egyptian wisdom. There is little doubt that Judaism is highly influenced by Egyptian philosophy. The one God concept of Yahweh first originated as an Egyptian philosophy Re. Circumcision is also an Egyptian practice.
It is noteworthy that the North American People developed a one God (Great Spirit) philosophy independent from Eastern beliefs. The Egyptian historian Manethe writes that Osarsiph (Moses) of the Heliopolis priesthood wrote that the Hebrew laws are not in compliance with, but in opposition to the customs of the Egyptians. It is noteworthy that the Hebrew Sects always used religion as a nationalistic or cultural delineation factor and prided themselves on being different than other competing cultures. Josephus (37-100 A.D.) the historian says that Lysimachus says the Jews departed Egypt under the rule of King Bocchoris, that is one thousand seven hundred years ago or about 1,607 B.C. Manetho the Egyptian historian says they departed Egypt in the reign of Tethmosis (Thutmosis I) (1526-1512) (1493-1483 B.C.), or at the earliest 1679 B.C., three hundred and ninety three years before Danaus fled to Argos. Artapanus (200-100 B.C.) the Hebrew compared Moses to Hermes Trismegistus (Thoth) making him responsible for introducing the Egyptians to ships, machines, weapons, philosophy, invention, hieroglyphs and the assignment of land to the priests. Hermes (Thoth) is also viewed as a messenger of the Gods. This naturally is an foolish claim with no basis in historical facts.
The mythical Biblical Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.??) an Egyptian citizen fled to Midian (south of Edom) after murdering a fellow countryman. The Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) records that the Egyptian Hebrew General Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) quietly departed Egypt into the desert and married for the third time. His return to Egypt and subsequent Exodus is likely a misrepresentation of history. Moses married Zipporah the daughter Reuel the priest alias Jethro priest of Midian alias Hobab and had two sons Gershom and Elwzar (Eliezer). Moses dismissed (divorced) Zipporah. It is noteworthy that Moses also married Tharbis daughter of the King of the Ethiopians according to Josephus. It is during his stay at Midian that the term Yahweh to describe God is first claimed.
The Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) (Mosheh) sect claimed all the recently captured Egyptian territory of the Middle East up to the Euphrates, Lebanon and the Western Sea. The Egyptian records are strangely silent concerning the Exodus. Most scholars suggest the Exodus didn't happen as recorded. This leads to the suggestion that Exodus may contain many elements of historic truth but is greatly embellished. The exaggeration is to delineate the Egyptian Moses Sect and the Sinaitic Covenant from earlier Sumerian-Semitic traditions.
Some believe the mythical Biblical Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) story is built around the story of Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III (Thutmose) conventional (1483-1450) (1490-1436 B.C.) (1504-1450 B.C.) or (1657/1630-1603 B.C.) or Pellegrino theory (1628-1610 B.C.). This Egyptian Moses Prince after being educated becomes the Judah Sect who returns to Palestine with a modified Egyptian God concept. The Jewish historian Flavious Josephus (37-100 A.D.) claims Moses is the Egyptian General who fought against the Ethiopians. Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) with his Egyptian army made a great slaughter of the Ethiopians. Moses (ca. 1612-1492 B.C.) married Tharbis daughter of the King of the Ethiopians. Josephus contends that political enemies feared that Moses would become pharaoh and plotted to kill him. Moses fled to safety.
The Exodus story could be created by a Egyptian religious Sect to create a schism between the Canaanites, and other Semitic sects. It is likely that the New Judah Sect disinherited all other Semites descendants of Abraham including the Akkadian, Arabic, Aramaic, Canaanite and Ethiopic peoples. The early Hebrews appeared to have three major competing Sects; Yahwistic, Elohistic and Priestly. Some suggest that the Yahwistic is a mixture of the Egyptian tradition, elohistic of the Hitte-Canaan tradition and the priestly of the Sumerian tradition. Others suggest only the House of Joseph, descendants of Manasseh and Ephraim are in Egypt and the other Semitic-Hebrew tribes called the Asiatic also departed Egypt in Canaan. Evidence suggests the majority of the Semitic-Hebrews never migrated from the Egyptian Canaan-Palestine region. The later conflict between the Canaanite-Israel Sect and the Egyptian-Judah Sect supports a minor peaceful Exodus. Historians of a Jewish and Christian bent fail to fully appreciate the significant contribution by the Egyptians to their respective religions.
The Moses Sect is determined to 'appear' non-Egyptian in their philosophy yet incorporate much into there own newly created philosophy. Its most likely the Exodus is a gradual process taking place over the next fifty-year or more. There is no historical evidence outside the bible to support a claim of a Hebrew tradition or culture before this era.
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