The Semites entrench the Sumerian patriarchal beliefs.
Women for house and harem - men for work in the fields.
Female figurines are no longer manufactured.
Women as property is highlighted by being forced to conceal their face with a veil.
The Celts migrated from the Rhine River Region (Germany) to the region later called Wales, Great Britain. The Prytani (Prytania) were the indigenous people of the area who were later called the Pict People.
Some suggest the famous megalith Men-An-Tol (stone of the hole) 1 1/2 miles east of Morvah, or 3 3/4 miles N.W. of Penzance, Cornwall, England was built about this time. Some suggest it is built between 2,000 B.C. to 500 B.C. It is believed this doughnut-shaped stone was an entrance to a burial chamber. It is known that the stones have been moved in recent times (1754). Some call it the Crick Stone with a belief it can cure aliments if one is passed through the hole. Others call it the Devil's Eye. It is noteworthy that many megalith burial sites contained 12 or more burials over time and are impossible to date as they were often moved. There are nearly 90 standing stones in the Lands End Peninsular, Cornwall, England.
It is believed the Xia dynasty of China started 2,100 B.C. or 2,000 B.C. and may have lasted to 1,600 B.C or 1,500 B.C. China on the Yellow River started to use bronze about this time likely imported from Europe or the near east who started using the process about 3,000 B.C. The city of Erlitous is believed to be the capital of the Xia dynasty.
The Indus (Harappan) civilization flourished (2,600-1,900 B.C.) produced a written language about this time. It has yet to be translated although thousands have tried using computers etc.
The age of high quality bronze castings is well established in China. The raising of silkworms and the weaving of silk fabric started about this time.
The Chinese are drilling, refining crude oil for oil lamps and for home heating.
Lajia, China is making foxtail millet noodles about this time but it is not considered as a pasta noodle which is made out of dough from wheat and water and then dried. Millet has been grown in China since 5,000 B.C. Modern China makes dry noodles from wheat, rice and mung beans.
The Lapita culture settled the Solomon Islands and Fijian Archipelago about this time. The Lapita normally settled on ocean front. Their legend however suggests they were not the indigenous people in the Fijian Archipelago and had to move inland.
Caucasian mummies are discovered in the Takla Makan Desert of China. It is not known what happened to these peoples. For as many as 4,000 years, the salty sand of the Taklimakan Desert in China held well-preserved mummies wearing colorful robes, boots, stockings and hats. The people were Caucasian not Asian. The bodies have been exhumed from the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang province since the late 1970s.
It is interesting that all our domestic animals were domesticated by primitive man and not one new animal has been added to our livestock in 4,000 years. I guess huarizo and other hybrids of llama or beefalo don't matter?
The Chinese are consuming noodles made from two verities of millet - broomcom and foxtail millet. It has previously been assumed that noodles were first consumed in Italy.
The Sumerian Culture is assumed to have ended about this time but their religious beliefs and values would persist for three thousand more years. It is believed that the wearing of the veil by women is originated about this time. The veil used to conceal the face of woman from man covers a more fundamental paranoia of Middle East religious belief. Women as property of men must be isolated from public view to ensure that man has complete control of the reproductive process. Historically women held dominion over the property of the tribe and equal status along with God because of their reproductive capability. The Sumer Religion is temple oriented, rather than fertility oriented and is carried out by several schools of male priests. Nanna the Moon-God is called sin by the claimed Proto-Semites and is thought to control time and knew the destinies of all. Shamash (Utu) the Sun God who lay bare the righteous and the wicked. Three great male gods An, Enlil and Enki represented various natural elements. The ancient concept of Mother Earth would die-hard and religion must be ever attentive to its destruction. Sumerian and later Babylonian and Assyrian looked up to their gods as a servant looks to their good masters; with submission and fear, but also with admiration and love. Obedience to divine orders is the greatest of qualities. A sensible man feared the gods and follows their prescriptions. Not to do so is foolish and sinful and sin brought terrible punishment.
Sabium the Semite-Amorite (2000-1987 B.C.) is King of the Amorite-Babylon Dynasty (2048-1770).
Damascus, Syria is believed created about this time and has been continuously inhabited.
Waves of nomadic Proto-Semites entered Iraq from the West. This migration would continue for the next two hundred years. These early Semites are dark haired with olive skin and some believe they originated in the Arabia region. The Semite are polygamous, slave owners who conduct tribal wars for more slaves. The women for house and harem and the men for work in the fields. Fieldwork was traditionally women’s work. Being semi-nomadic they are scattered along the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, in Southern Turkey to the Egyptian border. The Semite is considered the ancestors of the Assyrian (Sumerians), Aramaean and some claim the Semitic-Israelites. Their languages include Arabic, Ethiopia and Semitic-Hebrew. They currently occupy the Arabian Peninsula and its northern appendages, the Syrian Desert, Syria-Palestine and part of Mesopotamia. The city of Moenjo-Daro, Indus-Valley had a population of at least forty thousand Harappan people. They held to the notion of the earth as the Great Mother. Sanskrit the language of the Brahmins of India has intimate connection with the tribes of Persian, Anatolia (Greek), Latin, Slavonic, Scandinavian and Celtic languages. They followed patriarchal law and believed in a Supreme Being. The Mesopotamia Sargon Sumerian culture gave way to Babylonian power and the failing agriculture causing the scattering of the peoples over the far reaches of the deserts.
The Danubian III people showed an increase in metal tools and warfare. The use of the battle-axe and fortified settlements on hilltops also increased. The female figurines so common in earlier times are no longer manufactured. Some suggest this represent the transition from a maternal to a paternal social structure. Women began to lose autonomy and equality along the Danube River.
The status of women in Sumar has also declined considerably. In earlier times women conducted long distance trade in their own names. In their art women are depicted steering boats like merchants.
The Palestine region is politically unstable, divided and in the throes of tribal upheaval. The Egyptians have little interest in this region except those desert folk called the Asiatics occasionally attack their copper mines in the Sinai.
About this time Indo-Europeans began to differentiate into distinct peoples based upon patriarchal law and a hierarchy of gods. The God of the heavens is their supreme deity. The migration at this time is from central Europe and southern Russia, before this it is believed they came from the Kirghiz steppes of western Kazan on the Volga River that links them to the Ural-Altaic linguistic group. This Indo-European peoples also migrated to Asia Minor and India about this time. The Hittite Kingdom (2,000-1,200) is considered one of the oldest known Indo-European cultures of Europe. The name Hittite (Luwian, Palaic and Nesite) is not Indo-European in origin and it is known that they displaced unknown native peoples called Hattili (Hattic) to achieve their Empire. This year the Hittite (Luwian, Palaic and Nesite) occupied Northern Syria. North of Hattic is Palaic and to the south Luwian. From Babylon they learned ritual, omen and magic, they brought the war chariot. The Hittite (Luwian, Palaic and Nesite) used Sumerian and Akkadian (Semitic) languages for higher learning. The Indo-European family of languages began fracturing into nine major groups, Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Iranian, Latin, and Sanskrit. Armenian is believed derived from the Asianic-Hurrian speaking people. The Hattian language does not belong to the other linguistic groups but has a vague relationship to Caucasus of more recent times. The Hittite (Luwian, Palaic and Nesite) held the secrets of iron working that they carefully guarded. The process would eventually spread throughout Europe. Bands of Indo-European speaking people are settling in Anatolia and Persia.
Sometime after this date the Anatolia (Greek) began to enter the mainland of Anatolia (Greece) and to settle the Aegean shores of the Mediterranean. The Anatolia (Greek) conquered the Helladic people and absorbed their culture or visa versa. The Minoan culture of the Island of Crete would remain independent for the next five hundred years. Greek tradition suggests they obtained their laws from the Spartans who obtained it from the Pythoness while others suggest it originated in Crete.
Egypt it is believed controlled the Syria and Palestine (Philista) coastal states but not the interior. The interior lands are in throes of tribal upheaval and Egypt has little desire to exert its influence. It is suggested the Anatolis (Greeks) brought their God belief as Zeus, the Sky God, the God of Gods and they intermingled and displaced the Helladic people and their goddess beliefs. It is suggested that struggle between a powerful male god and a powerful female god concept was settled shifting Greece culture from a maternal culture to a paternal cultural.
The fair skinned Aryan began invading India bringing their Nordic-Greek religious beliefs that combined with local beliefs to create Hinduism. The Hindu principle of reincarnation toward absolutism was incorporated in early Christian beliefs but later ignored. The Caste System appears to be an Aryan principle to keep subjected people under control. The Aryan of course is the ruling caste. This Aryan principle of race superiority is still practiced by most countries of Europe and most world religions. Hinduism however is an open ended religion accepting many sects, God concepts and beliefs. Early Hinduism however demanded human sacrifice to the gods.
Hinduism a religious tradition of Indian origin is believed to have originated 3,000 B.C.. Others suggest it originated 4,500 B.C. Some suggest the Aryan people introduced Hindu (Sindhu) to India about 2,000 B.C.
A skull from Balathel, Rajasthan, India is the earliest evidence of leprosy found to date. The remains were buried in ash from burnt cow dung, a sacred, purifying substance in the pre-Hindu Vedic tradition..
The Indo-European base stock from the Alps and Danube Valley settled in the Italian Peninsula.
The Lapps (which means to run) are extensively using the ski first known at Kalvtrask in Vasterbotten and it is believed to have originated in Siberia.
The Minoans of ancient Crete had advanced plumbing, well engineered drain systems, supply pipes and flush toilets in the palace of Knossos.
Copper tools and agriculture are being extensively practiced in Ireland.
Folsom points are discovered in China leading to speculation they are imported from America having been invented there before 10,000 B.C.
The Minoan culture of Crete dominated the seaways of the Mediterranean
The Swastika, originated about this time, was considered a good luck charm until it was fouled by the Nazis in the twentieth century.
Some suggest skating was developed in Finland about this time.
The Austronesian speaking peoples out of Taiwan began spreading through the western Pacific as a result of the outrigger canoe.
2,000 B.C. to 1,500 B.C. and some dated to 500 A.D. mummies were uncovered, hundreds of which were European settlers in the Chinese Xinjiang Region. They brought their domesticated wheat, sheep and technology into China. The wheat was traced to the Near East Fertile Cresent where the species were developed about 8,000 B.C. Their clothing style is also western in nature dating back to 22,000 BC in France. The interesting point is the Han Chinese who now numbered 7.5 million in this region, didn’t enter the area until 2,000 years later. The Uyghurs, the decedents of the first known settlers now number 8.3 million. The Uyghurs are Muslim and speak Turkish and Kazakh. In about 2,300 BC at Qizilchoqa in the eastern basin in China was discovered plaid cloth resembling the material in Scottish kilts. Similar cloth was discovered in the salt mines of Austria and belongs to the Hailstatt culture, the earliest known Celts. Ancient texts written 500-700 AD were written in an extinct Tocharian language, an Indo-European language from many countries in Europe, Iran and Northern India. It, however is more closely related to European languages. This language splintered off about 3,600 BC. DNA evidence confirmed the Uyghurs lineage to Europe and likely resulted in mixed marriage which is normal for all cultures.
1,995 B.C.
In 2005 Chinese archeologists reported their find of a 4,000 year-old container in northwestern China of noodles made from millet.
1,993 B.C.
Reign King Mentuhotpe IV (Nebtawyre (ca. 1998/1993-1991 B.C.) Dynasty 11 of Egypt. He is not included in the king list but this is likely due to his short reign.
1,991 B.C.
Reign King Amenemhet or Amunemhet I (Sehetepibre) (ca. 1991-1962 B.C.) a non-royal (Nubian) Dynasty 12 of Egypt seized the kingship from the Theban rulers and established a new residence city just south of Memphis, Egypt called Itj-towy. Upper and Lower Egypt are united under Amunemhet. He reorganized the provinces establishing surveyed territories with specific obligations to the central government. He established succession rules to minimize rebellion; in his 21 regal year he designated his son as heir and thenceforth ruled jointly. The cult of Snefru at Dahshur is resumed to support the belief that the king is the ruler mentioned in The Prophecy of Neferti (2613 B.C.). The transition began from an inaccessible god-King to become the good shepherd or herdsman of his people. Amunemhet driven by an attempted assassination of his father instructed his son, trust not a brother, know not a friend, and make not for yourself intimate companions. The King built the Walls of the Prince, a line of fortifications to check the constant incursions from Palestine. He conducted war against the Libyans and the Asiatics (Hyksos) of the Sinai. Hyksos is derived from Hikau-Khasut meaning Shepherd Kings. The Hyksos are also considered as a nomadic people. These Asiatics are also called Hikau-Khoswet, Amu, Aam or Setetyu. King Amunemhet I (ca. 1991-1962 B.C.) conducted a expedition of 10,000 men to the quarries of Hammamet for a sarcophagus.
1,990 B.C.
During the twelfth dynasty of Egypt (ca. 1991-1786) some time before 1,800 B.C. a military excursion is recorded from Egypt to Asiatic-Palestine (Philista). Egypt at this time is exchanging gifts and trading with the Amorite people of Syria to offset the growing influence of the Asiatic-Hurrian people of northern Syria. The raid is likely punitive to maintain the ancient trade routes. The Asiatic Semites of Palestine are constantly attacking the Egyptians. The Semites adopted most of the Sumerian religion and culture. The most important change is from a city-state to a large number of Kingdoms. This transition from city-states to Kingdoms required a new understanding of mans relationship to God. No longer can they rally around a great city God.
The Austronesian family of languages is believe to have spread to the Philippines from Tawian about this time and on to Borneo and Indonesia as well as New Guinea, Vanuatu and New Caledonia..
1,988 B.C.
Apil-sin a Semitic-Amorite (1988-1971 B.C.) is king of the Amorite-Babylon Dynasty (2048-1770).
1,985 B.C.
Zhu ruled China (1,985-1,968 B.C.) under the Xia Dynesty.
1,984 B.C.
Naplanum of Larsa an Semitic Amorite prince captured the Elamite garrison of Ur. His son, Shu-ilishu (1984-1975 B.C.) brought from Elam the statue of Nanna the moon god of Ur.
1,980 B.C.
Vesuvius erupted about this time and entombed settlements 15km northwest of the volcano. The Avellino event left evidence at the Nola site that people were able to flee the eruption.
1,971 B.C.
Reign King Senwosret or Sesostris I (Kheperkare) (ca. 1971-1928/1926 B.C.) Dynasty 12 of Egypt. He exploited the trade to the south and Nubia for gold, copper, semi-precious stones and quarries. The King built fortresses to control the movement of the Nubians and northern Nubia is effectively subjugated. The fortress is complete with battlements, slit windows for archers, dry moats and other defensive elements. Egypt maintained a balance of power with the Palestine’s begun by King Amunemhet (1991-1962 B.C.). The city-states of Jerusalem, Askalon and Shechem of southern Palestine appear for the first time in Egyptian text.
1,970 B.C.
Sin-Muballis a Semetic Amorite (1970-1951 B.C.) is king of the Amorite-Babylon Dynasty (2048-1770).
1,968 B.C.
Huai ruled China (1,968-1,924 B.C.) under the Xia Dynesty.
1,961 B.C.
Sinuhe an Egyptian after the death of Pharaoh Amenemher I (1991-1961 B.C.) fled Egypt to exile among other Egyptians in the Highlands of Philista (Palestine) and Syria. He became the commander of the Asiatic Sheikh of the region.
About this time the Mongrel Horde from the North and East called the Hyksos (Bikau or Kbasut) an Aryan peoples are penetrating the region. Hyksos means ruler of foreign countries. Others suggest it is derived from Hikau-Khasut meaning Shepherd King implying a nomadic people. The Hyksos are believed a mixed horde of Semites and Asianic-Hurrians from Palestine, Syria and further north. It is believed they may have introduced the horse into Egypt. Objects inscribed with the Hyksos king Chain is found in Crete, Palestine and Babylon. Sinuhe eventually returned to Egypt to die and turned his property over to his children.
1,950 B.C.
This period is called the Old Hittite Empire (2048-1848 B.C.) based on geological data or (1680-1450 B.C.) based on archaeological data.
Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 B.C.) or (other reign start dates include 2394, 2003, 1848, & 1704 B.C.), some suggest the sixth Western Semite, Amorite (Sheikh) King. Hammurabi ruled (1950-1925 B.C.) and made a covenant with the Sun God (Shamash), carving the laws on a stone tablet. His laws are borrowed from the laws of Ur-Nammu, King of Ur some two hundred years earlier. He calls himself the one who makes wealth and plenty revived the city of Uruk and supplied water in abundance and stores up grain. The Code of Hammurabi of Babylon discovered in 1901 in Susa, Iran firmly establish the law of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth philosophy claiming it is given to man by the Sun God Shamish. This law of Hammurabi can be found in Exodus 21:29. The law included the famous eye for an eye philosophy of Exodus 21:23-25. It is believed this code is based upon a much older Sumerian code of law. Women and children are considered as chattel. Slavery is accepted but wanton cruelty was forbidden. A slave should be branded on the forehead and forbidden to hide or mask the mark. A non-discreet wife with herself or her property can be killed. False witness and theft of property receives the death penalty. The three major Middle East religions would incorporate much of the Hammurabi law.
The Code of Hammurabi is credited with the beginning of the insurance industry as it promised compensation for any subject who was robbed in return for a regular contribution to a common pool of money.
King Hammurabi (1728-1686 B.C.) or (1792-1750 B.C.) or (1950-1924 B.C.), the Semitic-Amorite from Babylon is extending his rule over all of Mesopotamia.
Scribes copied the Sumerian texts adapting a freely applied Semitic flavor called Old Babylonian. Personal religion is flourishing along with street corner chapels.
Colonies of Assyrian merchants are established in Cappadocia, Anatolia (Greece). King Iiushuma rules Assyria.
1,945 B.C.
The Dynasty of Isin (2017-1945 B.C.) or (2160-1945 B.C.) is a city located between Larak and Nippur, Iraq. King Hammurabi (1728-1686 B.C.) or (1792-1750 B.C.) or (1950-1924 B.C.) conquered Isin this year from King Larsa.
1,937 B.C.
King Hammurabi (1728-1686 B.C.) or (1792-1750 B.C.) or (1950-1924 B.C.) conquered Larsa this year. The Dynasty of Larsa (2025-1763 B.C.) is a city located between Uruk and Ur, Iraq.
1,935 B.C.
The Babylon King Hammurabi (1728-1686 B.C.) or (1792-1750 B.C.) or (1950-1924 B.C.) destroyed Mari, Iraq this year.
1,929`B.C.
Reign King Amenemhet or Amunemhet II (Nubkaure) (ca. 1929-1892/1885 B.C.) Dynasty 12 of Egypt.
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